“Art Nalls”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Arthur L. "Art" Nalls, Jr. (born 1954) is a retired United States Marine Corps officer, test pilot, and entrepreneur who owns and operates a unique air show business consisting of two Harrier jump jets as well as other aircraft. He is notable for his contributions to the air show profession restoring and flying uncommon aircraft. Nalls flew Harriers extensively in the military and developed a great enthusiasm for this jet capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) operations. Supported by a group of pilots and maintainers, Nalls performs at air shows in the northeast United States and Canada.

According to Nalls, his Sea Harrier XZ439 is the world’s first privately owned and flown Harrier of any kind. In 2014, he acquired a two-seat Harrier that is the world’s only flyable civilian Harrier trainer aircraft.

Early life

Art Nalls was born in 1954 in Alexandria, Virginia just outside Washington, D.C. and grew up in that area.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}} He graduated from Hayfield High School in Alexandria, Virginia in 1972 and attended the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}} Nalls graduated "With Merit" with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering.{{sfn|Nalls|2015}}

Military career

At the Naval Academy, Nalls chose aerospace engineering as his major field of study. His unconventional methods and eccentric interests were presented as key personal characteristics in articles from The Washington Post and Flightglobal. While still at the academy, Nalls built and rode the world's smallest rideable bicycle standing less than five inches tall as certified by Guinness World Records.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}}{{sfn|Trimble|2010}}

In 1982, Nalls participated in Northern Wedding, a NATO Cold War naval military exercise, designed to test NATO's ability to rearm and resupply Europe during times of war. He flew one of eleven AV-8A Harriers from North Carolina to the {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4}} located in the North Sea. Nalls, then a captain, was interviewed stating, "We made the trans-Atlantic crossing to demonstrate our rapid deployment capabilities. We showed we could make the transit, land on a Navy amphibious platform and be ready on arrival to provide close-air support.”{{sfn|Giusti|1983|p=20}}

On April 29, 1983, during a training flight near Richmond, Virginia, Nalls' Harrier suffered a complete loss of engine power. Since the engine failure occurred at sufficient altitude, he opted to glide the Harrier to a civilian airport and perform a deadstick landing, stopping just 50 feet (15 meters) short of the runway's end. Nalls was awarded the Air Medal for this first-of-a-kind Harrier landing.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}}

Nalls attended the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in southern California having been selected for the one Marine Corps slot for that year.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}} After graduating with class 85A, he was assigned to Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland as project test pilot for several Harrier programs including the AV-8B Harrier II. Nalls performed the initial shipboard certification and flight tests on the Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias including the first ski-jump takeoffs in the AV-8B.{{sfn|Nalls|2015}} While leading flight test efforts for several single-engine airstart projects, he accumulated over six hours of flight time in single-engine jet aircraft without the engine running.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}} Nalls retired from the Marine Corps in 1998 with the rank of lieutenant colonel and 22 years of service.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}}

Civilian career

After retiring from the military, Nalls formed a company to acquire and improve real estate in the Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia area, The company did so well that he was able to return to flying with the acquisition of a Russian Yak-3 in 2001. Nalls next purchased a Czech Aero Vodochody L-39 Albatros jet trainer. Although he enjoyed flying these aircraft, his dream was to own and fly his favorite—the Harrier.{{sfn|Johnson|2008}}

Team SHAR

The next aircraft in Nalls fleet would be a Sea Harrier, a dedicated naval variant first announced by the Royal Navy in 1975.{{sfn|March|2014|p=45}} The Sea Harrier FRS1 entered service in April 1980 and became commonly known as the "Shar."{{sfn|Ward|2003|p=50}} The acronym "FRS1" referred to the functions of fighter, reconnaissance, and strike to be performed by the first group of Sea Harriers.{{sfn|March|2014|p=47}} In 1994, BAE Systems delivered the first "FRS2" model with improvements to the engine, radar, and cockpit layout. The "FRS2" nomenclature was replaced with "FA.2" to express the equal importance of fighter and attack missions.{{sfn|March|2014|p=64}} While on a trip to Britain in October 2005, Nalls purchased Sea Harrier XZ439, the second FRS1 aircraft built and the second to be converted to FRS2 configuration.{{sfn|March|2014|p=66}} He shipped the jet back to the United States where a mostly volunteer team led by mechanics Christian Vlahos and Rich Gill worked for more than two years to bring the 31-year-old plane back to flying condition. On November 10, 2007, Nalls achieved his dream when he successfully flew XZ439 at St. Mary's County Regional Airport in Maryland—a first for a non-military pilot.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}}

The second flight on the following day was not as successful. Shortly after takeoff, a hydraulics failure prevented the landing gear from locking in place. Nalls declared an emergency and prepared to land at Naval Air Station Patuxent River. As he touched down, parts of the gear collapsed, and the jet settled hard on the landing pad.{{sfn|Warwick|2007}} Nalls shut down the engine as base emergency services and the XZ439 ground team arrived. Uninjured, Nalls opened the canopy and joked, "These babies practically land themselves."{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}} The aircraft was removed from NAS Patuxent River, towed by a pickup truck while Nalls rode in the cockpit dressed as Santa Claus and wove to bystanders.{{sfn|Trimble|2010}} Damage to the Harrier was minor.{{sfn|Warwick|2007}}

The team of volunteers that operated and maintained XZ439, also known as Team SHAR, started with the following key members:{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}}

Air show performer

Nalls initially flew XZ439 at the 2008 Culpepper Air Fest to prove the Harrier could draw crowds and be operated at a profit despite the complex maintenance demands. The Culpepper show drew more than 4,000 spectators{{sfn|Kaplan|2011}} and established Nalls Aviation as a major air show attraction that later included venues such as the Fair Saint Louis and EAA AirVenture Oshkosh. In 2011, Nalls Aviation participated in about six air shows a year.{{sfn|Tiralla|2010}}

In 2014, Nalls acquired a second Sea Harrier, T.8 ZD993, that according to Nalls is the only flyable civilian Harrier trainer in the world.^[1] Besides providing a second aircraft for air shows, the trainer allows Nalls Aviation to safely train and certify new Harrier pilots.^[2] {{Asof|2015}}, new pilots on the Nalls team include: Lt. Col. Jenna Dolan USMCR, Lt. Col. Charlie VandenBossche USAF, and Major Monica Marusceac USMCR.

Nalls has also acquired a BD-5J, which is known as "The World's Smallest Jet." This particular jet is serial number BDA-01 and holds the record according to Guinness. This airplane is considerably smaller and lighter than other models of BD jets flying. Nalls has not flown this jet, due to a personal recommendation from the designer, Jim Bede to replace the engine with a newer variant of engine before flying. {{sfn|Nalls|2015}}

In 2017, Nalls was featured in AARP Studios "Badass Pilot" series.^[3] The nine-part series, hosted on YouTube, follows Nalls and his team as they perform at air shows.^[4] The first episode aired on November 14, 2017 and described how Nalls acquired the Sea Harrier. Later episodes will provide a behind-the-scenes look at the challenges of flying and maintaining these rare aircraft.^[5]

Community activities

Nalls is active in the aviation community honoring veterans and sharing his experiences with groups such as the Civil Air Patrol and Young Eagles.{{sfn |Tiralla |2010}} In 2013, he was one of eight civilian pilots that performed a ceremonial flyover at Arlington National Cemetery for the burial of two Air Force pilots killed during the Vietnam War.{{sfn |Griffin| 2013}} Nalls celebrated the military service of World War II fighter ace, Rear Admiral E. L. "Whitey" Feightner, at the Cleveland National Air Show in 2014.^[6] On May 8, 2015, he participated in a flyover of the nation's capital to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Allies of World War II Victory in Europe Day. He was in the first formation of aircraft over the National Mall, consisting of four, Liaison aircraft. They are the military version of the Piper Cub, known as the L-4 "Grasshopper."^[7]

A member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Nalls co-authored two conference papers. The first was presented at the 1989 symposium and evaluated ski jump operations aboard the Príncipe de Asturias in the AV-8B Harrier.{{sfn|Nalls|Lea|1989}} The second was presented at the 1993 symposium and evaluated the performance of Former Soviet Union V/STOL aircraft including the Yakovlev Yak-38 and Yak-141.{{sfn|Nalls|Stortz|1993}} In 2017, Nalls was inducted into the Early and Pioneer Naval Aviation Association also known as the Golden Eagles.^[8] The group was founded in 1956 to provide a living memorial to early naval aviators.^[9]

Honors

During his career, Nalls has flown approximately 75 types of aircraft,^[10] performed more than 400 launches from a carrier,{{sfn|Johnson|2008}} and received the following honors:

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.warbirdsnews.com/airshow-news/ex-raf-harrier-t-10-trainer-fly-usa.html |title=Ex-Royal Navy Harrier T.8 Trainer to Fly in USA |date=November 9, 2014 |website=War Bird News |accessdate=August 7, 2015}}
2. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 8, 2014 |title=Second Harrier Jet added to Nalls Aviation Fleet |url=http://www.thebaynet.com/articles/1114/second-harrier-jet-added-to-nalls-aviation-fleet.html |newspaper=The BayNet |publisher=Logan Ventures |location=Hollywood, Maryland |access-date=August 7, 2015}}
3. ^{{cite news |last=Darnell |first=Michael S. |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Flying through retirement: Vet and his Harrier star in air show business |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/veterans/flying-through-retirement-vet-and-his-harrier-star-in-air-show-business-1.498010 |newspaper=Stars and Stripes |publisher=Defense Media Activity |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=November 18, 2017}}
4. ^{{cite news |last=Shrum |first=Joy |date=November 14, 2017 |title=Local Harrier pilot to be featured in new series |url=http://www.thebaynet.com/articles/1117/localharrierpilottobefeaturedinnewseries.html |newspaper=The BayNet |publisher=Logan Ventures |location=Hollywood, Maryland |access-date=November 18, 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web |last=Lilleston |first=Randy |date=November 14, 2017 |title=Badass Pilot: How to Buy a Fighter Jet |url=https://www.aarp.org/home-family/voices/veterans/info-2017/buy-a-fighter-jet-badass-pilot-series.html |publisher=AARP |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=November 18, 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://artnalls.com/nalls-aviation-honors-radm-e-l-whitey-feightner-usn/ |title=Nalls Aviation honors RADM E. L. ‘Whitey’ Feightner, USN |last= |first= |website=Nalls Aviation |publisher= |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=August 14, 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://artnalls.com/nalls-aviation-supports-the-70th-anniversary-of-the-victory-in-europe-ve-day-flyover/ |title=Nalls Aviation supports the 70th Anniversary of the Victory in Europe (VE DAY) Flyover |last=|first=|website=Nalls Aviation |publisher= |date=July 29, 2015 |access-date=August 14, 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web |last= |first=| title = EPNAAO Nalls Biography |url = http://www.epnaao.com/BIOS_files/REGULARS/Nalls-Arthur-L.%20(2).pdf |date = |accessdate=November 17, 2017 |publisher=Early and Pioneer Naval Aviation Association}}
9. ^{{cite web |last= |first=| title = Golden Eagles Chronology |url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/research-guides-and-finding-aids/early-and-pioneer-naval-aviators-association-golden-eagles-chronolog.html |date = September 6, 2002 |accessdate=November 17, 2017 |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command, Archives Branch |location=Washington, D.C.}}
10. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=July 27, 2014 |title=What It's Like To Own Your Very Own Harrier Jump Jet |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/07/27/335839280/sold-harrier-jump-jet-bought-at-auction |newspaper=National Public Radio |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 7, 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web |author= |year=2015 |title=Honored Military Alumni |url=https://www.alumniclass.com/hayfieldhighva/military-alumni-view |website=Hayfield High School Alumni |location=Alexandria, Virginia |access-date=August 7, 2015}}