| 词条 | Arya (Buddhism) |
| 释义 |
| fontsize=100% | title=Arya | pi= ariya | sa= ārya | sin= ආර්ය | en= noble not ordinary precious | bo= འཕགས་པ་ | bo-Latn=Wylie: phags pa; THL: pakpa }}{{buddhism}} Arya (Sanskrit ārya; Pāli: ariya) is a term frequently used in Buddhism that can be translated as "noble", "not ordinary", "valuable", "precious",{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ajahn Sucitto states: "So the four truths (ariya sacca) are generally called “noble” truths, although one might also translate ariya as “precious.” "{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|loc=Kindle Location 122}} }} "pure",{{sfn|Mingyur Rinpoche|2007|p=70}} etc. Arya in the sense of "noble" or "exalted" is frequently used in Buddhist texts to designate a spiritual warrior or hero. UsageThe term is used in the following contexts:
In the context of the four noble truths, contemporary scholars explain the meaning of ārya as follows:
Bhikkhu Bodhi explains:[1] The word "noble," or ariya, is used by the Buddha to designate a particular type of person, the type of person which it is the aim of his teaching to create. In the discourses the Buddha classifies human beings into two broad categories. On one side there are the puthujjanas, the worldlings, those belonging to the multitude, whose eyes are still covered with the dust of defilements and delusion. On the other side there are the ariyans, the noble ones, the spiritual elite, who obtain this status not from birth, social station or ecclesiastical authority but from their inward nobility of character. These two general types are not separated from each other by an impassable chasm, each confined to a tightly sealed compartment. A series of gradations can be discerned rising up from the darkest level of the blind worldling trapped in the dungeon of egotism and self-assertion, through the stage of the virtuous worldling in whom the seeds of wisdom are beginning to sprout, and further through the intermediate stages of noble disciples to the perfected individual at the apex of the entire scale of human development. This is the Arahant, the liberated one, who has absorbed the purifying vision of truth so deeply that all his defilements have been extinguished, and with them, all liability to suffering. In Chinese Buddhist texts, {{IAST|ārya}} is translated as 聖 (approximately, "holy, sacred", pinyin shèng, on'yomi sei). The spiritual character of the use of the term ārya in Buddhist texts can also be seen in the Mahavibhasa and in the Yogacarabhumi. The Mahāvibhasa [2] states that only the noble ones (āryas) realize all four of the four noble truths (āryasatyāni) and that only a noble wisdom understands them fully. The same text also describes the āryas as the ones who "have understood and realized about the [truth of] suffering, (impermanence, emptiness, and no-self)" and who "understand things as they are".[3] In another text, the Yogācārabhūmi (Taishō 1579, vol. xx, 364b10-15), the āryas are described as being free from the viparyāsas. Several Buddhist texts show that the {{IAST|ārya dharma}} was taught to everybody, including the āryas, Dasyus, Devas, Gandharvas and Asuras. The {{IAST|Bhaiṣajyavastu}} (from the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya) describes a story of Buddha teaching his dharma to the Four Heavenly Kings ({{IAST|Catvāraḥ Mahārājāḥ}}) of the four directions. In this story, the guardians of the east ({{IAST|Dhṛtarāṣṭra}}) and the south ({{IAST|Virūḍhaka}}) are āryajatiya (āryas) who speak Sanskrit, while the guardians of the west ({{IAST|Virūpākṣa}}) and the north ({{IAST|Vaiśravaṇa}}) are dasyujatiya (Dasyus) who speak Dasyu languages. In order to teach his Dharma, Buddha has to deliver his discourse in Aryan and Dasyu languages. This story describes Buddha teaching his Dharma to the āryas and Dasyus alike.[4] The {{IAST|Karaṇḍavyūha}} (a Mahāyāna sūtra) describes how Avalokiteśvara taught the ārya Dharma to the asuras, {{IAST|yakṣa}}s and {{IAST|rakṣasa}}s.[4] In many parts of the South India, if somebody (new) is supposed to be addressed respectably, the prefix "Ayya", derived from "Arya" is used. South Indians used to call them "Arya" which is now transformed to "Ayya". This term is used even today.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Notes1. ^The Nobility of the Truths, by Bhikkhu Bodhi 2. ^(Taisho 1545, vol. xxvii, 401c29-402a12, 402b5-6, and 402a27-b6) 3. ^(Deshpande/ Gomez in Bronkhorst & Deshpande 1999) 4. ^1 Bronkhorst & Deshpande 1999 References{{reflist|2}}Web references{{Reflist|group=web}}Sources{{refbegin}}
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