“Pakistan Army”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Pakistan Army uniquely uses the junior commissioned officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of the Warrant officers or the Limited duty officers in the United States military, inherited from the former British Indian Army introduced by the British Army in India between the enlisted and officer ranks.{{rp|134}}^[148] The JCOs are single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen from their enlisted ranks, receiving the promotion (SM3) from the commanding officer.{{rp|134}}^[148]

The usage of the junior commissioned officer is the continuation of the former Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.{{rp|134}}^[148] Over the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because of the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and army has more comfortably adopted the U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.^[41]{{rp|134}}^[148] Promotion to the JCOs/WO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for those enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredit four-year college.{{rp|134}}^[148]

Enlisted personnel

Junior Commissioned Officer/Warrant Officer Ranks
Insignia
Title	Subedar-Major {{small\|(infantry and other arms)}} Risaldar Major {{small\|(cavalry and armor)}}	Subedar {{small\|(infantry and other arms)}} Risaldar {{small\|(cavalry and armor)}}	Naib Subedar {{small\|(infantry and other arms)}} Naib Risaldar {{small\|(cavalry and armor)}}
U.S. Code	CWO}}	WO2\|}}	WO1}}

The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are encourage to join the either the Marines or the Air Force.{{rp|292}}^[146] Most enlisted personnel had come from the poor and rural families with many had only rudimentary literacy skills in the past, but with the increase in the affordable education have risen to the matriculation level (12th Grade).{{rp|292}}^[146] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.{{rp|292}}^[146]

In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.{{rp|292}}^[146] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before retiring or gaining commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.{{rp|292}}^[146]

The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.{{rp|292}}^[146] Center point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.{{rp|292}}^[146] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.{{rp|292}}^[146] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.{{rp|294}}^[146] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.{{rp|294}}^[146]

Recruitment and training

Structure of Enlisted Ranks of the Pakistan Army
Pay grade	E-9	E-8	E-7	E-6	E-5	E-4	E-3	E-2	E-1
Insignia								No insignia	No insignia
Title	{{small\|Battalion Havildar Major}}	{{small\|Battalion Quartermaster Havildar}}	{{small\|Company Havildar Major}}	{{small\|Company Quartermaster Havildar}}	{{small\|Havildar}}	{{small\|Naik}}	{{small\|Lance Naik}}	{{small\| Sepoy}}	{{small\|No Equivalent}}
Abbreviation	BHM}}	BQMH}}	CHM}}	CQMH}}	HAV}}	NK}}	L/Nk}}	Sep.}}	NE}}
NATO Code	{{center\|OR-9}}	{{center\|OR-8}}	OR-7}}	OR-6}}	{{center\|OR-5}}	{{center\|OR-4}}	{{center\|OR-3}}	{{center\|OR-2}}	{{center\|OR-1}}
U.S. Code	SGM	MSG	SFC	SSG	SGT	CPL	PFC	PVT	–

Prior to August 1947, the British Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of the Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.^[5] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army was predominantly favored to recruit from Punjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming from the rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most populous province of Pakistan.{{rp|149}}^[149]^[150]

Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the urban areas (i.e. Karachi and Peshawar) where the preference of the college education is quiet popular (especially attending post-graduate schools in the United States and the English-speaking countries) as well as working in the settled private industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in the metropolitan cities.{{rp|31}}^[10]

After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the Quota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.{{rp|163}}^[151] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage to join the Marines Corps or the Air Force.^[5]

In 1991, the department of army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while encourage citizens of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh.^[264] This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.^[264] By 2003–05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43–70%.^[264]^[152]

The Department of Army has relaxes its recruitment and medical standards in Sindh and Balochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eight grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters takes responsibility of providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.{{rp|31}}^[10] In Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.{{rp|31}}^[10]

The army has only one bootcamp that is located in Kakul at the Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the Academy.^[153] All the recruits, enlists, and officer candidates have to attend and be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.^[153]

It is one of the longest boot camp in the country, and the boot camp training continues for two years until the cadet is being able pass out from the academy, before selecting the college to start their career of their choice in the military.^[153]

Women and religion in the Pakistan Army

Since the establishment of the army in 1947, the women have been part of the Pakistan Army, and currently there are ~4,000 women are serving in administrative positions in the department of the army.^[154] In the past, the women were inducted in the Women's Guard Section of the Army National Guard who were trained in medical works, welfare, and clerical positions but the combat positions have been opened to women due to shortage in the qualifications filled by males in the combat positions.^[155]

In the Islamic world, Pakistan has a distinction of appointing and promoting women to the general officer ranks, the major-generals, in the army, and Major-General Shahida Malik was the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to the two-star rank.^[156] Major-General Shahida Malik, a military physician by profession, was Pakistan's first female two-star army general.^[157] In 2015, Pakistan Army reportedly trained a sizeable contingent of women unit in infantry, airborne, and sniper missions, and are deployed in combat zone alongside with the males.^[158]^[159]

The military service with the army does not restrict to the Muslims but is open to other religions in Pakistan and Hindus, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Christians have served in the army at the commanding level positions.^[160]^[161] The religious services in the military is provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.^[85]

In 1993, Major-General Julian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position while Hercharn Singh became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army.^[161] Between 1947–2000, a policy of restricting Hindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.^[162] In 2006, the army recruiters begin recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or no faith can be promote to any rank and commanding positions

Components and structure

Army components and branches

Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative Services.{{rp|46}}^[40]{{rp|570}}^[165]{{rp|127}}^[148] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of maintaining the British-built Forts, till the new and modern garrisons were built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.^[5]

Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty personnel and reservists that operates as members of either Reserves and Army National Guard.^[143] In addition, the workforce of the army is supported by the Frontier Corps (a paramilitary) and Army Rangers that performs military police duty within the state governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.^[143]

The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, are also consists of into several branches and functional areas that includes the army officers, junior commissioned (or warrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.^[143] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative branches of the army.^[166]

Commands

**Pakistan Army branches and functional areas**
Combat Arms	Insignia		Administrative Services
Armored Corps (AR)		Services (ASC)
Air Defense Corps (AD)		Military Police (MP)
Aviation Corps (AVN)		Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME)
Regiment of Artillery (Art)		Medical Corps (AMC)
Signals Corps (Sigs)		Education Corps (EC)
Corps of Engineers (EN)		Judge Advocate General Corps (JAG)
Regiments of Infantry (Inf)		Ordnance Corps (AOC)
Special Forces (SSG)		Remount Veterinary and Farms (RVF)
Coast Guards (CG)	'		Military Intelligence Corps (MI)
—	—		Chaplain Corps (ChC)
—	—		Dental Corps (DC)
—	—		Public Relations (PR)

The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each commanded by the GOC-in-C, with a holding three-star rank: Lieutenant-General.^[103]{{Badref|date=February 2019}} The each of the six tactical commands directly reports to the office of Chief of Army Staff, operating directly at the Army GHQ.^[103]{{Badref|date=February 2019}} Each command is consists of two or more Corps– an army field formation responsible for zone within a command theater.^[143]{{Badref|date=February 2019}}

There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while the Air Defense, Aviation, and the Aviation and Special Forces are organized and maintained in separate level of their commands.^[143]{{Badref|date=February 2019}}

Established and organized in March 2000, the Army Strategic Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible training in safety, weapons deployments, and activation of the atomic missile systems.^[167]^[168]^[169]^[170]^[171]

Combat maneuvering organizations

Headquarters	{{center\| Army GHQ, Rawalpindi Cantt., Punjab in Pakistan
Regional Combat Commands	Reporting Command Combat Headquarters	Corps and subordinate combat units and arms	Corps Commanders	Corps Headquarters
date=February 2019}} {{small\|(Formerly Central Command)}}	Rawalpindi Cantt.	{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = I Corps	6th Armoured Division – Gujranwala}}	17th Infantry Division – Kharian}}	37th Infantry Division – Kharian}}	11th Independent Armored Brigade}}	Independent Air Defence Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = II Corps	1st Armored Division – Multan}}	14th Infantry Division – Okara}}	40th Infantry Division – Kharian}}	Independent Armored Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. N.Z. Manj}} {{small\|Lt-Gen. Naeem Ashraf}}	Mangla Multan
date=February 2019}}	Lahore Catt. {{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = IV Corps	10th Infantry Division – Lahore}}	11th Infantry Division – Lahore}}	3rd Independent Armoured Brigade}}	212th Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = XXX Corps	8th Infantry Division –Sialkot}}	15th Infantry Division –Sialkot}} 2nd Artillery Division – Gujranwala	2nd Artillery Division – Gujranwala}}	2nd Independent Armoured Brigade}}	54th Independent Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}}	Independent Anti-tank Brigade}} }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = XXXI Corps	26th Mechanized Division – Bahawalpur}}^[172]	35th Infantry Division –Sialkot}}	13th Independent Armored Brigade}}	101st Independent Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. Majid Ehsan}} {{small\|Lt-Gen. Aamir Abbasi}} {{small\|Lt-Gen. Javed Bukhari}}	Lahore Gujranwala Bahawalpur
date=February 2019}}	Karachi Cantt. {{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = V Corps	16th Infantry Division – Pano Aqil}}	18th Infantry Division –Hyderabad}}	25th Mechanized Division – Malir}}^[172]	31st Mechanized Brigade – Hyderabad}}	2nd Armored Brigade – Malir}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. Humayun Aziz}}	Karachi
date=February 2019}} {{small\|(Formerly Northern Command)}}	Rawalpindi Cantt. {{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = X Corps	12th Infantry Division – Murree}}	19th Infantry Division – Mangla}}	23rd Infantry Division –Jhelum}}	8th Armored Brigade – Kharian}}	111th Infantry Brigade –Rawalpindi}}	54th Independent Infantry Brigade}}	Independent Anti-Tank Brigade}}	Independent Artillery Brigade}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = Force Command Northern Areas	61st Infantry Brigade}}	62nd Infantry Brigade – Skardu}}	80th Infantry Brigade – Astor}}	150th Infantry Brigade – Gilgit}}	323rd Infantry Brigade – Karakoram-Dansam}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. Bilal Akbar}} {{small\|Maj-Gen. Ehsan Khan}}	Rawalpindi Gilgit
Western Command	Quetta Cantt. {{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = XII Corps	33rd Infantry Division – Quetta}}	41st Infantry Division – Quetta}}	Independent Armored Brigade – Khuzdar}}	Independent Infantry Brigade – Turbat}}	Independent Infantry Brigade – Gwadar}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}} }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = XI Corps	7th Infantry Division – Peshawar}}	9th Infantry Division– Kohat}}	Independent Armored Brigade – Nowshera}}	Independent Engineer Brigade}}	Independent Signal Brigade}}	6 =	7 = }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. A. S. Bajwa}} {{small\|Lt-Gen. Shaheen Mehmud}}	Quetta Peshawar
Strategic Command	Chaklala Cantt. {{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = Army Air Defense Command	3rd Air Defense Division – Sargodha}}	4th Air Defense Division – Malir}}	3 =	4 =	5 =	6 =	7 = }}{{Collapsible list	bullets = true	titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;	title = Army Strategic Forces Command	Strategic Force North (SFN) – Sargodha}}	Strategic Force South (SFS) – Petaro}}	22nd Artillery Division – Sargodha}}	21st Artillery Division – Pano Aqil}}	5 =	6 =	7 = }}	{{small\|Lt-Gen. H. Z. Khan}} {{small\|Lt-Gen. Qazi Ikram Ahmad}}	Chaklala Rawalpindi

In an events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by the Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side Punjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the Pakistan Army Reserves as a strategic reserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.^[307] There are two strategic reserve component of the army, alongside with the Army National Guard, that is the first component is attached with the I Corps and the second being attached to the II Corps.^[307]

In the Pakistan Army Reserve, the Army Reserve North (ARN) is attached with the I Corps that is designed for conducting an offense towards the charging enemy's conventional forces on the eastern front or the forestry terrain.^[307] The ARN consists of an additional infantry division, heavy anti-tank battery, an aviation squadron, and the part-time reserve personnel to support the logistics of the ARN, giving the ARN the capability of launching the attacks on charging and advancing enemy from eastern front.^[307]

The ARN is deployed to maneuver its combat assets towards the North of the Sutlej River to either mount or launch offensive operations inside Indian territory or duly assisted to Strike Command or to blunt an Indian offensive across the Indo-Pakistani frontier.^[174]

The second army reserve component in the Pakistan Army, the Army Reserve South (ARS), is attached with the II Corps on the southern skirts of the Sutlej River and designed to provide logistics and the combat role in the desert terrain of Sindh in support to the V Corps in Sindh Command or providing logistical support to the Punjab Holding Command's combat formations.^[174]

Unlike the ARN in Northern skirts, the ARS has a void of an infantry division and the ARS reserve component is designed and suited for a riposte or conducting a counteroffensive (defensive measures) operations and maneuvering towards defense against the attacking enemy combat forces.^[174]

Infantry branch

Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed the British regimental system and culture, and currently there are six organized infantry regiments.^[175]

In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments including assisting the federal government in civic administration.^[176]

In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part of the brigade combat team (under a Brigadier), division, or a being part of much larger corps.^[177]

After the independence from the Great Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow the U.S. Army's standing formation of their Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.^[177]

Special operations forces

The Infantry Regiments by seniority	Insignia	Activation Date	Commanding Regimental Center	Motto	War Cry
Punjab Regiment	}}	1759}}	Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa	Urdu: نارا-یا-حیدری یا علی (English lit. Ali the Great)
Baloch Regiment	}}	1798}}	Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa	غازی یا شہید}} {{center\|(English lit. Honored or Martyr)}}	کی کی بلوچ}} {{center\|(English lit. Of the Baloch)}}
Frontier Force Regiment	}}	1843}}	Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa	لبّیک}} {{center\|(English lit. Lucky)}}
Azad Kashmir Regiment	}}	1947}}	Mansar, Punjab
Sind Regiment	}}	1980}}	Hyderabad, Sindh
Northern Light Infantry Regiment	}}	1999}}	Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan	سبط قدم}} {{center\|(English lit. Consistent)}}
Other type of Regiments	Insignia	Activation Date	Regimental Center	Motto	War Cry
Regiment of Artillery	}}	1826}}	Rawalpindi, Punjab
Mujahid Force Regiment	}}	1963}}	Bhimber, Azad Kashmir
Regiment of Air Defense	}}	1989}}	Rawalpindi, Punjab

The Pakistan Army has a military division dedicated towards conducting the unconventional and asymmetric warfare operations, established with the guidance provided by the United States Army in 1956.^[178] This competitive special operation force is known as the Special Services Group (Army SSG, distinguishing the Navy SSG), and is assembled in eight battalions, commanded by the Lieutenant-Colonel, with addition of three companies commanded by the Major or a Captain, depending on the availability.^[179]

The special operation forces training school is located in Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where the training and education on the philosophy of military arts and tactics takes place by the army instructors.^[179]

Each battalion in the Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.^[179] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially known as the Maroon Berets.^[179] In 2000, the Pakistan Army established the Army Strategic Forces Command that is charged with overseeing the operational readiness and various deployment of the Army SSG, Special Forces, Special Support Group, Army Rangers, and the Strategic Plans Division Force— the CBRN defense component of the department of army.^[179]

Besides the Army SSG and the Special Forces (SF), the Pakistan Army has trained a specific Rangers team that is especially trained in counter tactics, and is trained for carrying out the difficult counter-terrorism operation involving the civilian hostages in Karachi, and helping the state governments in Sindh and Punjab maintaining the law and order situation intact.^[180]

Implementing the counterterrorism tactics in 2004, the Army has been training the specific Army Ranger company, known as the Rangers Anti-terrorist Force (ATF), alongside with the Army SSG company, often conduct training with the U.S. Army Ranger in terror and infantry tactics.^[180]

Military philosophy

Combat doctrine (1947–2007)

In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "The Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".{{rp|310}}^[327]^[181] In 1989, the first and official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise, Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul^[182]– this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging towards its primary adversary, Indian Army.{{rp|310}}^[183]

In 1989–99, the JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, the Indian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of population centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the international border with India.^[184]

The national security strategists explored the controversial idea of strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations with Afghanistan and Iran while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the Cold Start Doctrine.^[184] Due to the numerical advantage of Indian Army over its small adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated– the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing the battle-ranged Hatf-IA/Hatf-IB missiles.^[184] The Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by the Army National Guard, and India's Territorial Army would eventually forward towards the defensive positions and fortifications in less than 24 hours.^[185] However, the Corps in both nation's commands with large stockpiles of ordnance will take between 24-72 hours for logistically mobilized its combat assets after the orders are authorized; therefore, both nation's armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.^[185]

The war doctrine of "offensive-defense" entailed Pakistan of not waiting to be attacked but instead launching an offense of its own, with an offense being a limited advance along with narrow fronts aiming towards occupying enemy territory near the border to a depth of 40–50 km.^[185] Pakistani national security calculated that since Indian forces will not reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against the India.^[185] Earlier studies in "Offensive-defense" doctrine validated results of finding and keeping the enemy forces off-balance as the Indian Army engage in containing the Pakistan Army forces into its territory rather than concentrating towards launching an attack onto Pakistan's territory.^[185] The strategic calculations by Pakistan Army's war strategists hoped that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army soldiers engage in fighting on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army at most.^[185] An important aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the aftermath of a ceasefire brought about by international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.^[185]

Due to fortification of LoC in Kashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created the Pakistan Army Reserves in 1990s that is concentrated in desert terrain of Sindh-Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of the Pakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide a defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian Army.^[185]

The limitation and constraint of the "offensive-defense" doctrine was eventually exposed by the Indian Army's performance in the Kargil war in 1999, as Indian Army decided to take an action with full offense that forced Pakistan Army to go into full defense. Without the synergy between the Air Force, Navy and Marines, the doctrine became redundant, and the Pakistan Army had to rely on international pressure on India to desist from an assault as it exactly happened, according to the Indian author, RSN Singh in 2011.^[185]

Threat Matrix (2010–Present)

After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged in critical thinking to evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensive grand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began 2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.^[343] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, the Threat Matrix, was unveiled by the ISPR, that first time, in its history, the army's national security analysts realized that Pakistan faces the real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.^[186] The Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.^[186]

Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a massive four-tier joint-military exercise, code named: Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment" was evaluate simultaneously by the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines.^[346] In successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the Army-Navy-Air Force-Marines military exercises into joint warfare exercise, in which, all four branches participating in the military exercise regardless of the terrain, platform, and the control of command of the military exercise.^[346]

The objective of the exercise was to assess military tactics, procedures and techniques in the event of an emerging threat environment, and explore joint operations strategies in response to combating the threat with all four branches of the military: the Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy.^[187]

Political and corporate activities

Since the independence of Pakistan from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Pakistani military has played a crucial and an integral role in national politics since its inception mainly on the pretext in absence of visionary civilian leadership, bureaucratic corruption, and inefficiency in formulating regional and geostrategic policies concerning the national security.^[188] The Institution of the Pakistan Army has virtually acted state-within-a-state, engaging in extraconstitutional activities of imposing martial law and suspending the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan in the name of stabilizing Pakistan by ending political instability or by calling to end the financial corruption.^[189]

However, Pakistani historians and observers, noted that the political instabilities, lawlessness, corruptions, violence, and area insurgencies are the direct consequences of the military rule in Pakistan.^[190]^[191] The separation of East-Pakistan from the Federation of Pakistan is directly blamed and held the responsibility on the institution of the Pakistan Army as a direct consequence of long control of the country by the army under the military-sponsored presidential administrations of Ayub Khan (1958–69) and Yahya Khan (1969–71).^[192]^[193]

Despite insubordination and committed treason of suspending the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan, none of the four army chiefs and their collaborators have received indisciplinary actions neither tried for their committed treason or their honors were withdrawn at the court of law despite calls by the democratic movements as their cases were subjected to massive cover-ups by the investigative institutions and federal prosecuting agencies.^[194]^[195] Due to the conflict of interests in economic and foreign issues, the department of army has been directly involved in political campaign funding of the conservative parties against the parties running the federal administration, that further weakened the state of Pakistan.^[196] At first, the Pakistan Army's political support and financial endowment was extended to conservative Nawaz Sharif against Benazir Bhutto in 1990s, and later to ultraconservative Imran Khan against Nawaz Sharif in 2010s, controlling the outcomes of the elections through political engineering.^[196]^[189]

According to the international news agencies and investigation reports by international financial regulatory institutions, the department of army controls, manages, and runs the large number of business enterprises and conglomerates, that is estimated to be revenue at US$ 20 billion in 2007–08.^[197] One of the largest real estate conglomerate that is run by the army is known as the Defense Housing Authority (DHA), as well as the Army Welfare Trust (AWT), and out 46 housing schemes directly built by the armed forces, none of the scheme is for ordinary soldiers or civilian officers and personnel employed by the army.^[198]

The Fauji Foundation (lit. Military Foundation) has shares in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and involves in manufacturing and selling the process meat, stud, and dairy farms meant for the military's own use while there are enterprises perform functions in local civilian economy such as bakeries, security and the banking services.^[197] The army factories managed by the Fauji Foundation produces such goods such as sugar, Fauji Fertilizer, brass castings, and sells its products to civilian consumers albeit at prices higher than those charged from military personnel.^[199] The Pakistani military has a largest shares in the PSX and has financial stakes in commercial banking, airlines, steel businesses, cement, telecoms, petroleum and energy, education, sports, health care and even chains of grocery shops and bakeries.^[200]

Involvement in Pakistani society

The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.^[201] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastating earthquake in 2005 or the great floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role in area rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while distributing the relief goods and military rations to the affected civilians.^[202] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power generation to affected areas, building damns, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and animals from endangerment.^[202]

To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations, reconstructions, and rehabilitation, the federal government appoints the active-duty officers, as an external billets appointments, to lead federal agencies such as ERRA and the NDMA.^[203] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan Army has also engaged in other parts of the world such as coordinating and leading the relief efforts in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka after these countries were affected by the underwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in 2004.^[204]

Education and training

Schooling, teachings, and institutions

The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.^[205] The overall directions and management of the army training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by the Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in modern education with combat training.^[206]

At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, the Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the colonial period in India in 1905.^[207] The British officers in the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in order to raise the dedicated and professional army.^[208] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the staff colleges in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.{{rp|293}}^[146]

The United States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of the military relations between two countries.{{rp|12}}^[209] In 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend schooling in the United States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of the IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to choose the schooling in the United Kingdom.{{rp|294}}^[146]

After the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, the IMET cooperation was again activated with army officers begin attending the schooling in the United States but the training program was again suspended in 2018 by the Trump administration, leveling accusations on supporting armed Jihadi groups in Afghanistan.^[210]

During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools as below:

Sources: [https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8213.html?pId=109&rnd=470 Army Schools] and [https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent2d5f.html?pId=279&rnd=471 Skills Schools] of Pakistan Army

Army Schools and Colleges	Year of Establishment	School and College Principal locations	Website
School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare}}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Nowshera in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web\|title=School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5e00.html?pId=268&rnd=475}}}}
School of Artillery}}	{{small\|1948}}}}	Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=School of Artillery \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0bf6.html?pId=269&rnd=476}}}}
School of Army Air Defense}}	{{small\|1941}}}}	Karachi in Sindh}}	{{cite web \|title=School of Army Air Defence \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContente72e.html?pId=270&rnd=477}}}}
Military College of Engineering}}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Risalpur in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Military College of Engineering \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContenta68d.html?pId=271&rnd=478}}}}
Military College of Signals}}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Rawalpindi in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Military College of Signals \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentd4d5.html?pId=272&rnd=479}}}}
School of Infantry and Tactics }}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Quetta in Balochistan}}	{{cite web \|title=School of Infantry and Tactics \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentb1b1.html?pId=273&rnd=480}}}}
Aviation School}}	{{small\|1964}}}}	Gujranwala in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Aviation School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent16a0.html?pId=274&rnd=481}}}}
Service Corps School}}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Kakul in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Service Corps School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentc845.html?pId=275&rnd=482}}}}
Army Medical College}}	{{small\|1977}}}}	Rawalpindi in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Medical College \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent7bef.html?pId=276&rnd=483}}}}
Ordnance College}}	{{small\|1980}}}}	Karachi in Sindh}}	{{cite web \|title=Ordnance College \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContenta7e1.html?pId=277&rnd=484}}}}
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering}}	{{small\|1957}}}}	Rawalpindi in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineeering \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0862.html?pId=278&rnd=485}}}}
Special Warfare and skills schools	Year of Establishment	School and College Principal locations	Website
Special Operations School}}	{{small\|1956}}}}	Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Special Operations School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent4265.html?pId=279&rnd=486}}}}
Parachute Training School}}	{{small\|1964}}}}	Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Parachute Training School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentd78b.html?pId=280&rnd=487}}}}
Corps of Military Police School}}	{{small\|1949}}}}	D.I. Khan in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Corps of Military Police School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContente885.html?pId=284&rnd=488}}}}
School of Logistics}}	{{small\|1974}}}}	Murree in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Army School of Logistics \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent6be9.html?pId=285&rnd=489}}}}
School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training}}	{{small\|1978}}}}	Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Army School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentc8da.html?pId=286&rnd=490}}}}
High Altitude School}}	{{small\|1987}}}}	Rattu in Gilgit-Baltistan}}	{{cite web \|title=Army High Altitude School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent3e4c.html?pId=287&rnd=491}}}}
Desert Warfare School}}	{{small\|1987}}}}	Chor in Sindh}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Desert Warfare School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentbf18.html?pId=288&rnd=492}}}}
School of Music}}	{{small\|1970}}}}	Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}	{{cite web \|title=Army School of Music \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentb102.html?pId=289&rnd=493}}}}
Dog Breeding Training Center and School}}	{{small\|1952}}}}	Rawalpindi in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Dog Breeding Training Centre and School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5ef4.html?pId=290&rnd=494}}}}
Veterinary School}}	{{small\|1947}}}}	Sargodha in Punjab}}	{{cite web \|title=Army Veterinary School \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/UserFiles/File/New%20PDF/army%20veterinary%20school.pdf}}}}
Higher education institutions	Year of Establishment	locations	Website
Command and Staff College}}	{{small\|1905}}}}	Quetta in Balochistan}}	{{cite web \|title=Command and Staff College \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8df9.html?pId=291&rnd=495}}}}
National Defense University}}	{{small\|1971}}}}	Islamabad}}	{{cite web \|title=National Defense University \|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent4882.html?pId=292&rnd=496}}}}
National University of Sciences and Technology}}	{{small\|1991}}}}	Multiple campuses}}	{{cite web \|title=National University of Sciences and Technology\|url=http://nust.edu.pk/Pages/Default.aspx}}}}

The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.^[205] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education to Pakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualified psc from the Command and Staff College in Quetta.^[205] Officers holding the ranks of captains, majors, lieutenants and lieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as psc.{{rp|9}}^[49]

Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.^[211] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.{{rp|8}}^[49] Without securing their graduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.{{rp|8–9}}^[49]

Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given admission in broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affects the country's national security.{{rp|8–9}}^[49] In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.{{rp|9–10}}^[212] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges and NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.{{rp|8–9}}^[49]

Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing military engineering colleges of engineering, signals, aeronautical, and medicines, and is a counterpart institution in science and technology to that of the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad.^[213]

The foreign military officials and students, including from the United States, have attended the Command and Staff College in Quetta and the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad but the American instructors and observers have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.{{rp|293}}^[146]{{rp|518}}^[214]^[215]

Civil engineering and construction

Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations have been involved in civil engineering of the important landmarks in the country, hydroelectricity, power generation, dams, and national freeways.^[216]

The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in the country, including the Karakoram Highway, Skardu Airport, and the national security sites in Kahuta.^[216] The Frontier Works Organization of the army, has built several infrastructure with the Corps of Engineers in all over the country, and has built the communications lines in Northern Pakistan through its Special Communications Organization (SCO).^[216]

The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by the federal government, advising on construction management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.^[217]

The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included the Lyari Expressway in Karachi, Makran Coastal Highway in Balochistan, and the Khanpur Dam in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.^[217] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other part of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.^[217]

Awards and honors

Service awards

Nishan-e-Haider

In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر) is the highest and most prestigious honor awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.{{rp|220}}^[218] The honor is a namesake of Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.{{rp|4}}^[219]

Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honored with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.^[220]

Recipient of the foreign awards

Order	Recipients	Commissioned Rank	Arms of Commission	Year of Conflict	War and Gallantry Ribbon
{{small\|1}}}}	Muhammad Sarwar}}	Captain}}	Punjab Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1947}}	}}
{{small\|2}}}}	Tufail Mohammad}}	Major}}	Punjab Regiment}}	{{small\|—}} }}	}}
{{small\|3}}}}	Aziz Bhatti}}	Major}}	Punjab Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1965}}	}}
{{small\|4}}}}	Shabbir Sharif}}	Major}}	Frontier Force Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}	}}
{{small\|5}}}}	Muhammad Hussain}}	Sepoy}} {{small\|(Pvt.)}}	Armoured Corps}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}	}}
{{small\|6}}}}	Muhammad Akram}}	Major}}	Frontier Force Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}	}}
{{small\|7}}}}	Muhammad Mahfuz}}	Lance Naik}} {{small\|(PFC)}}	Punjab Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}	}}
{{small\|8}}}}	Karnal Sher}}	Captain}}	Sindh Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1999}}	}}
{{small\|9}}}}	Lalak Jan}}	Havildar}} {{small\|(Sgt.)}}	Northern Light Infantry Regiment}}	Indo-Pakistani war of 1999}}	}}

The Pakistan Army has been conferred with the foreign awards for its services provided to the foreign nations, including the honoring of two army pilots from the Aviation Corps who conducted a difficult operation in extracting the Slovenian mountaineer, Tomaz Humar, who got stranded on the western end of the {{convert|8125|m|ft}} high Nanga Parbat and the Slovenian President presented Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir with the Golden Order for Services in the country's capital, Ljubljana, for risking their lives during the rescue mission, a Pakistan Army statement said.^[221]

In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honored multiple times with the United States's Legion of Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980s–2015.{{rp|261}}^[222] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with a gold medal at the Exercise Cambrian Patrol held in Wales in the United Kingdom.^[223]^[224]^[225]

Equipment

The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is developed and manufactured by the local weapons industry and modern arms have been imported from the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and the other countries in the European Union.^[5]

The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Defense Science and Technology Organization (DESTO), Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF), and the National Development Complex (NDC), Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) are the one of the major defense contractor for the Department of the Pakistan Army.^[226]

The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main battle tanks (MBT) in cooperation with the China and the Ukraine, while the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are licensed manufactured by the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF).^[226] The Chinese cooperation and further assistance with the Pakistan Army is vital in designing, vehicular construction, and material manufacturing of the main battle tanks.{{rp|xxxv}}^[227] The standard rifle for the army is the German designed and POF manufactured Koch G3P4.^[226]

The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion’s share", however, in light of CPEC's security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-funded department of the navy.^[228]

Uniforms

From 1947–71, the army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army, but the uniform changed in preference of Sherwani.{{rp|172}}^[148] The army service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of the Sherwani with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with two pockets, with Golden Khaki colors.{{rp|222}}^[229]

In 1970s, the Ministry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in the army combat uniform, resembling the British-styled DPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of adopting the U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.^[230] In winter front such as in the Siachen and near the Wakhan Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.^[231]

As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black BDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.^[416] The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage pattern in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on chest.^[416] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.^[232]

Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,^[233] decorations and awards^[234] and the ranks.^[232]

Sports

The Pakistan Army offers the robust and noteworthy sports program to its elite athletes in many sports disciplines, including in boxing, hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, karateka, basketball, soccer, and other sports played in the world.^[235]

An example of the program's success is its basketball program which regularly provides the Pakistan national basketball team with key players.^[236]

See also

References

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2. ^{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Douglas J. |last2=Viotti |first2=Paul R. |title=The Defense Policies of Nations: A Comparative Study |date=1994 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9780801847943 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCnY_VN9AjIC&pg=PA459&dq=pakistan+army+reserves+#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20army%20reserves&f=false |accessdate=17 January 2019 |language=en |format=googlebooks |chapter={{small|(§Pakistan Forces)}} }}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Infrastructures Development |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0cb3.html |website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk |accessdate=17 January 2019}}
4. ^{{cite web |title=Motto of Pakistan Army |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent4fc6.html?pId=17&rnd=108 |website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk |accessdate=28 January 2019}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|location=London UK.|isbn=9781631440397|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pakistan+Army#v=onepage&q=Pakistan%20Army&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017|language=en}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ&dq=IISS+2017&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUoJDCg-PZAhXNmOAKHddYBiMQ6AEIJzAA|title=The Military Balance 2017|last=(Iiss)|first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies|date=2017-02-14|publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated|isbn=9781857439007|language=en}}
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8. ^Article 245(1)–Article 245(4) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321055201/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |date=21 March 2015}} in Chapter 2: Armed Forces in Part XII: Miscellaneous of Constitution of Pakistan.
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Harper|first1=Stephen|title=Screening Bosnia: Geopolitics, Gender and Nationalism in Film and Television Images of the 1992–95 War|date=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|location=Indiana, U.S.|isbn=9781623567071|pages=155|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/?id=C_vUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=Pakistan+and+Bosnian+War#v=onepage&q=Pakistan%20and%20Bosnian%20War&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=The Bosnian War Goes to East: Identity and Internationalism in Alpha Bravo Charlie.}}
10. ^¹²³{{cite book |last1=Fair |first1=C. Christine |authorlink1=C. Christine Fair |title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |isbn=9780199892716 |pages=310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=pakistan+army+all+Volunteer+force&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-ioSpqJDgAhVmh-AKHYLzAbgQuwUINjAB#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20army%20all%20Volunteer%20force&f=false |language=en-us |format=google books |chapter={{small|Recruitment in Pakistan Army}}}}
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12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/zarbeazb|title=ISPR|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315134240/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/zarbeazb#|archivedate=15 March 2015|df=dmy-all|access-date=1 May 2015}}
13. ^Article 245(1)&Article 245(3) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321055201/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |date=21 March 2015 }} in Chapter 2: Armed Forces in Part XII: Miscellaneous of Constitution of Pakistan.
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Javid|first1=Hassan|title=COVER STORY: The Army & Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1146181|accessdate=16 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers|date=23 November 2014|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152146/https://www.dawn.com/news/1146181|archivedate=16 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite book|first1=Shah|last1= Aqil|title=The army and democracy : military politics in Pakistan|date=1973|isbn=9780674728936|url=}}
16. ^{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|title=Pakistan between mosque and military|date=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0870032852}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134074099|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jQl9AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=pakistan+army+and+politics#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20army%20and%20politics&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017|language=en}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, Army and Foreign Policy|date=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176485487|language=en}}
19. ^{{cite book|last1=Alam|first1=Dr Shah|title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building|date=2012|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789381411797|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WvapCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&dq=pakistan+army+commands#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20army%20commands&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017|language=en}}
20. ^Article 243(2) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321055201/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |date=21 March 2015 }} in Chapter 2: Armed Forces in Part XII: Miscellaneous of Constitution of Pakistan.
21. ^{{cite news|last1=Butt|first1=Tariq|title=Nawaz to appoint third army chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/167530-Nawaz-to-appoint-third-army-chief|accessdate=16 August 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=News International|publisher=News International|date=16 November 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152435/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/167530-Nawaz-to-appoint-third-army-chief|archivedate=16 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
22. ^{{cite news|title=General Mian Usama takes charge as Pakistan's 16th army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1299382/general-bajwa-takes-charge-as-pakistans-16th-army-chief|accessdate=29 Nov 2016|publisher=DAWN|date=29 Nov 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129073033/http://www.dawn.com/news/1299382/general-bajwa-takes-charge-as-pakistans-16th-army-chief|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Gen Bajwa assumes command as Pakistan's 16th army chief|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1247643/change-command-ceremony-gen-bajwa-underway-ghq/|accessdate=29 Nov 2016|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=29 Nov 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145745/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1247643/change-command-ceremony-gen-bajwa-underway-ghq/|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}
24. ^Chapter 2 in the PartXII {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/664tpGtuQ?url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |date=11 March 2012 }}. Pakistani.org.
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |title=[Chapter 2. Armed Forces] of [Part XII: Miscellaneous] |publisher=Pakistani.org |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/664tpGtuQ?url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch2.html |archivedate=11 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite book |last1=Chandar (Retd) |first1=Col Y. Udaya |title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |location=Chennai, Ind. |isbn=9781948473224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=Indian+Army+Pakistan+Army+ratio+1:2&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuw-Tr7cvfAhWCqFQKHY2RB1AQ6AEwAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=Indian%20Army%20Pakistan%20Army%20ratio%201%3A2&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en-gb |format=google books |chapter={{small|(Partition of the British Indian Armed Forces)}}}}
27. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857 – 1947|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|location=London, Uk.|isbn=9781441177308|pages=220|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vQpMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA155&dq=pakistan+army++compared+to+the+twelve+armoured,+forty+artillery+and+twenty-one+infantry+regiments+that+went+to+India.+Fe#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20army%20%20compared%20to%20the%20twelve%20armoured%2C%20forty%20artillery%20and%20twenty-one%20infantry%20regiments%20that%20went%20to%20India.%20Fe&f=false|accessdate=18 September 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter={{small|§Decolonization}}}}
28. ^{{cite book|last1=Khanna|first1=K. K.|title=Art of Generalship|date=2015|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|location=Delhi India|isbn=9789382652939|pages=295|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uAmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=Messervy+Pakistan+army#v=onepage&q=Messervy%20Pakistan%20army&f=fals|accessdate=18 September 2017|language=en}}
29. ^{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Victoria |authorlink1=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=2003 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London, Eng. UK |isbn=9781860648984 |pages=250 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kashmir+in+Conflict:+India,+Pakistan+and+the+Unending+War&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW2aPn7MvfAhWSKHwKHcOPBZEQ6AEwAXoECAgQAg#v=snippet&q=after%20large%20numbers%20of%20tribesmen&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en-gb |format=google books |chapter={{small|(Chapter 3: The Accession)}}}}
30. ^¹²³{{cite book |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Debidatta Aurobinda |title=Conflict Management in Kashmir: State-People Relations and Peace |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9781108423892 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=Maharaja+kashmir+control+1947&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih3pPsn8zfAhUYIDQIHaX0B1oQ6AEwBHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Maharaja%20kashmir%20control%201947&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|§(India, Pakistan, and Kashmir)}}}}
31. ^{{citation |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London}}
32. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Hafeez |title=Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |location=Pennsylvania, US |isbn=9781349105731 |pages=400 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yca-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59&dq=Gracey+and+Jinnah&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibjZDg4s3fAhXKrFQKHTYdBHIQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=Gracey%20and%20Jinnah&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|§(Problems of Initial Adaptation)}}}}
33. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |authorlink1=Dilip Hiro |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |date=2015 |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=Washington DC, US |isbn=9781568587349 |pages=475 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHfNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA417&dq=Jinnah+and+general+Frank&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih4M6sp8zfAhXPIDQIHWCNDnIQ6AEwAnoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=Jinnah%20and%20general%20Frank&f=false |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en |format=google book |chapter={{small|(Overviews and Conclusions)}}}}
34. ^¹²³Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp55
35. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book |last1=Higgins |first1=David R. |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=Bloomsbury, Ind. US |isbn=9781472810939 |pages=100 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_DCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=15th+infantry+division+pakistan+1950&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE3t6jlM7fAhWzHTQIHdsSCj8Q6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=15th%20infantry%20division%20pakistan%201950&f=false |accessdate=2 January 2019 |language=en-us |format=google books |chapter={{small|(Pakistan)}}}}
36. ^{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Mohammad Ayub |title=Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography |date=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=275 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfULAAAAIAAJ&dq=friends+not+masters&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=considerable+speculationn |accessdate=1 January 2019 |language=en}}
37. ^Sydney Morning Herald Wednesday 14 Dec 1949
38. ^¹{{cite news|last1=paksoldiers.com|title=Appointments of Pakistan Army Commanders and Historic Facts – Pakistan Military & Defence News|url=http://paksoldiers.com/2013/12/04/appointments-pakistan-army-commanders-historic-facts/|accessdate=3 November 2016|work=Original work published by the News International|agency=paksoldiers.com|publisher=paksoldiers.com|date=4 December 2013}}
39. ^{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=S. M. |last2=Ziring |first2=Lawrence |title=Pakistan's foreign policy: an historical analysis |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, Eng. UK |isbn=9780195774078 |pages=498 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u8LAAAAIAAJ&dq=Pakistan%27s+foreign+policy+bruke&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Korean+war+ayub |language=en-us |format=snippet view}}
40. ^¹²³{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=P. I. |authorlink1=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |location=NY, US |isbn=9780814716335 |pages=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=6th+Pakistan+army+1953&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwvfKuydDfAhXlqVQKHZ4LB3UQ6AEwB3oECAQQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en |format=google boosk |chapter={{small|(The Evolution of the Army)}}}}
41. ^¹{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain |title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |website=Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan |publisher=Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan |accessdate=12 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm |archivedate=4 March 2012 }}
42. ^¹²{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, Eng, UK. |isbn=0195476603 |pages=655 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&q=SSG+Pakistan+1956+United+states&dq=SSG+Pakistan+1956+United+states&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtnvmCzNDfAhXyHDQIHaqRC-gQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en-gb |format=snippet view |chapter={{small|§(Stay Behind Forces)}}}}
43. ^{{cite web |title=School of Infantry and Tactics |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentb1b1.html?pId=273&rnd=480 |website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk |accessdate=3 January 2019}}
44. ^{{cite web |title=School of Artillery |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0bf6.html?pId=269&rnd=476 |accessdate=3 January 2019}}
45. ^{{cite web |title=Ordnance College |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContenta7e1.html?pId=277&rnd=484 |accessdate=3 January 2019}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=School of Armoured and Mechanized Warfare|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5e00.html?pId=268&rnd=475}}
47. ^{{cite web |title=Army Aviation School |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent16a0.html?pId=274&rnd=481 |accessdate=3 January 2019}}
48. ^{{cite book|last1=Mohiuddin|first1=Yasmeen Niaz|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851098019|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA158&dq=nazimuddin+martial+law#v=onepage&q=nazimuddin%20martial%20law&f=false|accessdate=21 March 2017|language=en|year=2007}}
49. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Aqil |title=The Army and Democracy |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. U.S. |isbn=9780674728936 |pages=380 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmyXAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Pakistan+Army&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy2KX4hdHfAhXni1QKHal1Bro4ChDoATABegQIBxAC#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Pakistan%20Army&f=false |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en-us |format=google books |chapter={{small|§(Marching Toward Martial Law)}}}}
50. ^{{cite news|last1=Ghani|first1=Nadia|title=NON-FICTION: The narcissist|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/826646|accessdate=3 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspapers|publisher=Dawn newspapers, Ghani|date=11 July 2010}}
51. ^{{cite book |last1=Sridharan |first1=E. |title=International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume I: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&dq=Ayub+Khan+Extension+1955&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTvO76ktHfAhUBD3wKHb7YBCYQ6AEwAHoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en}}
52. ^{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Syed Sami |title=History Of Pakistan And Role Of The Army |date=2004 |publisher=Royal Book Company |location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |isbn=9789694073064 |pages=440 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvBtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ayub+Khan+Extension+1955&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Extension |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en |format=snippet view}}
53. ^{{cite book |last1=Anwar |first1=Muhammad |last2=Baig |first2=Ebad |title=Pakistan: Time for Change |date=2012 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=9781477250303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6OOYcrIOYC&pg=PA22&dq=Field+Marshal;+a+rank+he+never+deserved+at+all+Ayub&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn2cLj39LfAhVEMnwKHR7kCRoQ6AEwAHoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=Field%20Marshal%3B%20a%20rank%20he%20never%20deserved%20at%20all%20Ayub&f=false |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|(Military and Politics)}}}}
54. ^{{cite web |title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan—Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned. |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan |website=Story Of Pakistan |accessdate=3 January 2019 |date=1 June 2003}}
55. ^{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H.|title=Remembering Our Warriors: Brig. Shamim Yasin Manto|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal Shamim|accessdate=19 September 2017|location=Karachi|language=en-pk|date=February 2002}}
56. ^{{cite news |work= Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1203708 |title=Gibraltar, Grand Slam and war |first=Cyril|last=Almeida |date=30 August 2015}}
57. ^90mm M36 GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE "Jackson" Post W.W.II, the M36 was employed by the US Army in Korea and was distributed to friendly nations including France, where it was used in Indo-China (Vietnam), Pakistan.
58. ^The Battle for Ravi-Sutlej Corridor 1965 A Strategic and Operational Analysis {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007171816/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/aminkhemkaran.html |date=7 October 2007 }} Major A.H. Amin, 30 December 2001 Orbat
59. ^{{cite book | title = The Widening Gulf: Asian Nationalism and American Policy | first = Selig | last = Seidenman Harrison | year = 1978 | publisher = Free Press | page = 269 }}
60. ^A history of the Pakistan Army {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907070325/http://www.defencejournal.com/jul99/history-pak-army.htm |date=7 September 2006 }} – Defence Journal, Pakistan
61. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kCI4492cHTEC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20greater%20game%3A%20India%27s%20race%20with%20destiny%20and%20China&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|last = Praagh|first = David|title = The greater game: India's race with destiny and China |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003 |page = 294 |isbn = 978-0-7735-2639-6|year = 2003}}
62. ^Musharraf, In the Line of Fire, page 45.
63. ^¹Melville de Mellow (28, November 1965). "Battle of Burki was another outstanding infantry operation". Sainik Samachar.
64. ^{{cite book | title = The M47 and M48 Patton tanks | first1 = Steve | last1 = Zaloga | first2 = Jim | last2 = Laurier | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-1-85532-825-9 | page = 35}}
65. ^{{cite book |last=Hagerty |first=Devin T. |date=2005 |title=South Asia in World Politics |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0}}
66. ^¹William M. Carpenter, David G. Wiencek. Asian security handbook: terrorism and the new security environment. M.E. Sharpe, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7656-1553-3}}.
67. ^¹John Keay. India: A History. Grove Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-275-97779-X}}.
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+pk0152%29 |title=The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 |publisher=Memory.loc.gov |date=5 July 1977 |accessdate=15 May 2012}}
69. ^Sumit Ganguly. "Pakistan". In India: A Country Study {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401023700/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |date=1 April 2007 }} (James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1995).
70. ^"Indo-Pakistan Wars". Microsoft Encarta 2008. also [https://www.webcitation.org/5kwrG0An8?url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/indo-pakistan_wars.html Archived] 31 October 2009.
71. ^{{cite book |last = Thomas M. Leonard |title = Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 2 |publisher = Taylor & Francis, 2006 |isbn = 978-0-415-97663-3|year = 2006 }}
72. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079959|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122101941/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|archivedate=22 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}
73. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pWRjGZ9H7hYC&pg=PA806#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|last=Leonard|first=Thomas M.|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415976633|language=en}}
74. ^{{cite book |last=Hagerty |first=Devin T. |date=2005 |title=South Asia in World Politics |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ln3qChyrmIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:0742525872#v=snippet&q=outfought%20their%20Pakistani&f=false |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=26 |isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0 |quote=The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.}}
75. ^{{cite book |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0152)|title=Pakistan :: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies, United States of America|date=April 1994|accessdate=2 October 2010}} Quote: Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.
76. ^{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=India|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520246966|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&q=won+a+clear+victory#v=snippet&q=won%20a%20clear%20victory&f=false|edition=3rd ed. with a new preface.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081241/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&q=won+a+clear+victory#v=snippet&q=won%20a%20clear%20victory&f=false|archivedate=7 January 2016|df=dmy-all}} Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.
77. ^{{cite book|first=Dennis|last=Kux|title=India and the United States : Estranged democracies, 1941–1991|year=1992|publisher=National Defense University Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0788102790|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&q=India+had+most+to+celebrate#v=snippet&q=pakistan%20made%20gains&f=false|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081242/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C&q=India+had+most+to+celebrate#v=snippet&q=pakistan%20made%20gains&f=false|archivedate=7 January 2016|df=dmy-all}} Quote: India had the better of the war.
78. ^{{cite news|title=Asia: Silent Guns, Wary Combatants|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834413-2,00.html|accessdate=30 August 2013|newspaper=Time|date=1 October 1965|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081241/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834413-2,00.html|archivedate=7 January 2016|df=dmy-all}} Quote: India, by contrast, is still the big gainer in the war. Alternate link: http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html
79. ^The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 Analysis and reappraisal after the 1965 War by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin
80. ^Editorial: The army and the people Daily Times 1 June 2007
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150602/jsp/frontpage/story_23452.jsp#.VW8Tt4uUdyx|title=Delhi plans carnival on Pakistan war- Focus on 1965 conflict and outcome|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602092054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150602/jsp/frontpage/story_23452.jsp#.VW8Tt4uUdyx|archivedate=2 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}
82. ^¹{{cite book |last=Arif |first=General K. M. |author-link=Khalid Mahmud Arif |year=2001 |title=Khaki Shadows |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=88 |isbn=978-0-19-579396-3}}
83. ^The Story of My Struggle By Tajammal Hussain Malik 1991, Jang Publishers, p. 78
84. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |last1=Amin |first1=Maj. Agha Humayun |title=The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/nov/pak-army.htm |website=www.defencejournal.com |publisher=Defence Journal |accessdate=7 January 2019 |location=Islamabbad |language=en |date=1 November 2000}}
85. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Dr Shah |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building |date=2012 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789381411797 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvapCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&dq=IV+Corps+pakistan+1966&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj575TQzdzfAhXZJjQIHVcECJsQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=IV%20Corps%20pakistan%201966&f=false |accessdate=7 January 2019 |language=en}}
86. ^{{cite book |last1=Omar |first1=Imtiaz |title=Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |location=New Southland, Aus. |isbn=9789041117755 |pages=206 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&pg=PA59&dq=Yahya+khan+martial+law+1969&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj12a-Tz9zfAhVvIDQIHTARBOkQ6wEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Yahya%20khan%20martial%20law%201969&f=false |accessdate=7 January 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|(Second Proclamation of Martial Law: 1969)}}}}
87. ^¹²{{cite book|last1=Omar|first1=Imtiaz|title=Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=904111775X|pages=59–60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&pg=PA60&dq=hamoodur+rehman+chief+justice&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz7-iTv9TOAhVE6CYKHRlMDqgQuwUINjAF#v=onepage&q=hamoodur%20rehman%20chief%20justice&f=false|accessdate=22 August 2016|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Extra-Constitutional Emergency Powers: Martial Law}}
88. ^Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M., Bangladesh at War, pp32
89. ^Ali, Maj. Gen. Rao Farman, How Pakistan Got Divided, pp114 – pp119
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93. ^Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, pp. 2–3
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109. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistan atomic bomb |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA, US |isbn=9780804784801 |pages=400 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pakistan+Army+nuclear+1970s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju8ee04OLfAhVmmeAKHYaYBXcQuwUIMzAB#v=snippet&q=army%20engineer&f=false |accessdate=10 January 2019 |language=en-us |format=google books |chapter={{small|(The Secret Nuclear R&D Program)}}}}
110. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PA42|title=Pakistan: Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|pages=42–|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa|accessdate=22 February 2013|deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529022027/http://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PA42|archivedate=29 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
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137. ^{{cite news|last1=Sabin Agha|first1=Peter Oborne|title=Pakistan is winning its war on terror|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/pakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror/|accessdate=21 September 2017|work=The Spectator|date=31 December 2016}}
138. ^{{cite news |last1=Karim |first1=Umer |title=Why Pakistan has troops in Saudi Arabia – and what it means for the Middle East |url=http://theconversation.com/why-pakistan-has-troops-in-saudi-arabia-and-what-it-means-for-the-middle-east-92613 |accessdate=16 January 2019 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}
139. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.ispr.gov.pk/Multimedia/UN%20Peace%20Keeping/MONUC.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231955/http://www.ispr.gov.pk/Multimedia/UN%20Peace%20Keeping/MONUC.htm |archivedate=26 September 2007 |title=UN Mission in Democrative Republic of Congo (MONUC) |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=26 September 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2012}}
140. ^{{cite web|title=Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2015/aug15_2.pdf|website=UN Peacekeeping|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=26 September 2015|page=1|format=PDF|date=31 August 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928133118/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2015/aug15_2.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
141. ^{{cite web |title=Leadership and Command of Pakistan Army |url=http://www.mod.gov.pk/mod/userfiles1/file/Organization%20of%20Defence%20Division.pdf |accessdate=16 January 2019}}
142. ^The Article 243(2) in Chapter 2: The Armed Forces in Part XII: Miscellaneous of the Constitution of Pakistan
143. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Hameed |title=Command and Structure of Pakistan Army |url=http://pakdef.org/commandstructure/ |website=www.pakdef.org |publisher=PakDef Military Consortium |accessdate=16 January 2019 |language=en |date=1 June 2003}}
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218. ^{{cite book |last1=Zajda |first1=Joseph |last2=Tsyrlina-Spady |first2=Tatyana |last3=Lovorn |first3=Michael |title=Globalisation and Historiography of National Leaders: Symbolic Representations in School Textbooks |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789402409758 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdvJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA220&dq=Nishan+i+haider&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb_6X54v7fAhVrg-AKHXz_COoQuwUIMjAB#v=onepage&q=Nishan%20i%20haider&f=false |accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|(§War Heroes)}}}}
219. ^{{cite book |last1=Naseem |first1=M. |title=Education and Gendered Citizenship in Pakistan |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230117914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRt9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=Nishan+i+haider&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb_6X54v7fAhVrg-AKHXz_COoQuwUIODAC#v=onepage&q=Nishan%20i%20haider&f=false |accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en}}
220. ^{{cite web |title=Nishan-i-Haider |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent75dc.html?pId=31&rnd=181 |website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk}}
221. ^BBC: Pakistan pilots get bravery award {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008170255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6758251.stm |date=8 October 2007 }}. BBC News (15 June 2007).
222. ^{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231540254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq=Legion+of+Merit+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOoYjZ_v7fAhWvct8KHfAkC2wQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Legion%20of%20Merit%20Pakistan&f=false |language=en}}
223. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irandefence.net/showthread.php?p=923283 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120803130328/http://www.irandefence.net/showthread.php?p=923283 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 August 2012 |title=Pakistan Army Wins Gold Medal @ International Cambrian Patrols Exercise – Page 3 – Iran Defense Forum |publisher=Irandefence.net |accessdate=15 May 2012}}
224. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\\story_21-10-2010_pg7_18 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |work=Daily Times |date=21 October 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227095007/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C21%5Cstory_21-10-2010_pg7_18 |archivedate=27 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
225. ^{{cite web |author=Times of Pakistan |url=http://timesofpakistan.pk/editorials/2010-10-23/when-going-gets-tough-tough-get-going/9298/ |title=When going gets tough, tough get going | Times of Pakistan |publisher=Timesofpakistan.pk |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401034028/http://timesofpakistan.pk/editorials/2010-10-23/when-going-gets-tough-tough-get-going/9298/ |archivedate=1 April 2012 |df=dmy-all |date=2010-10-23 }}
226. ^¹²{{cite web |last1=Shabbir |first1=Usman |title=Pakistan Arms Industry |url=http://pakdef.org/industry/ |website=www.pakdef.org |publisher=« PakDef Military Consortium |accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en-us |date=1 June 2003}}
227. ^{{cite book |last1=Small |first1=Andrew |title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190257576 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehQoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR34&dq=defence+procurement+of+pakistan+China&hl=en&newbks=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiY6NzTs__fAhX4JzQIHTE_BfAQ6AEwCXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=defence%20procurement%20of%20pakistan%20China&f=false |accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en}}
228. ^{{cite news |last1=Syed |first1=Baqir Sajjad |title=Budget 2018-19: Rs1.1 trillion proposed for defence |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1404337 |accessdate=21 January 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |agency=Dawn Newspaper |publisher=Dawn Newspaper |date=28 April 2018 |location=Islamabad |language=en-us }}
229. ^{{cite book |last1=Arif |first1=Khalid Mahmud |title=Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947-1997 |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195793963 |pages=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf0vAQAAIAAJ&dq=pakistan+army+khaki+uniform&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=khaki+uniform |language=en}}
230. ^{{cite web |title=Pakistan - Camopedia |url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan |website=camopedia.org |accessdate=22 January 2019}}
231. ^{{cite web |title=Siachen Glacier {{!}} Travel with Hassaan |url=https://hassaanrabbani.wordpress.com/tag/siachen-glacier/ |accessdate=22 January 2019 |language=en}}
232. ^¹{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-rank.htm |title=Army Rank |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=27 November 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102235335/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-rank.htm |archivedate=2 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
233. ^¹²{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-badges.htm |title=Army Qualification Badges |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=27 November 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102233140/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-badges.htm |archivedate=2 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
234. ^{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-awards.htm |title=Army Awards & Decorations |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=27 November 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102233200/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army-awards.htm |archivedate=2 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
235. ^{{cite web |title=Sports |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent591e.html |website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk |accessdate=22 January 2019}}
236. ^Basketball team named for 11th South Asian Games {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035448/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/02-Jan-2010/Basketball-team-named-for-11th-South-Asian-Games |date=2 December 2012 }}, www.nation.com.pk. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

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number=1\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-i-Imtiaz Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=2\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Sitara-i-Imtiaz Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=3\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Hilal-i-Imtiaz Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=4\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Nishan-i-Imtiaz Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}
number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha, Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg\|width=103}}
number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jamhuria,_A.H.1375.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}
number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Basalat 1957-86 Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=1\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=2\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}
number=1\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-i-Jurat Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=2\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Sitara-i-Jur'at Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=3\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Hilal-i-Jur'at Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=0\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}
number=1\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class I Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=2\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class II Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}	number=3\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class III.svg\|width=103}}	number=5\|type=service-star\|ribbon=Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg\|width=103}}

Mission

History

Early origins

Division of British Indian Army and the first war with India (1947–52)

20th Century: Cold war and conflict performances

Reorganization under the United States Army (1952–58)

Military takeovers in Pakistan and second war with India (1958–1969)

Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969–1971)

Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971–1977)

Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977–1999)

21st Century: War performances

Homegrown religious insurgency and War on terror (2001–Present)

UN peacekeeping missions

Organization

Command and control structure

Personnel

Commissioned officers

Warrant officers