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词条 Palatal lateral approximant
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʎ
|ipa number=157
|decimal=654
|xsampa=L
|kirshenbaum=l^
|braille=hh
|braille2=13456
|imagefile=Palatal lateral approximant (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=l̠ʲ
|ipa symbol2=ʎ̟
|ipa symbol3=ȴ
}}

The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʎ}}}}, a rotated lowercase letter {{angle bracket|y}} (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, {{angle bracket|λ}}), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.

Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal.[2] None of the 13 languages investigated by {{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013}}, many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.[3] That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[4]

There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|l̠ʲ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʎ̟}}}}; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ȴ}}}} ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives {{angle brackets|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}}}), used especially in Sinological circles.

The palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}} in the Xumi language spoken in China.[5][6]

Features

Features of the palatal lateral approximant:

{{approximant}}{{palatal}}{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{lateral}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonesean-Latn|agulla|italic=yes}}[a̠ˈɣuʎa̠]}} 'needle'
Aromanianrup|ljepuri|italic=yes}}[ˈʎepuri]}} 'rabbit'
Astur-Leonese Asturian{{lang|ast|llingua|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝]}}'language'Where {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is absent due to a yeísmo-like merger, it is replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect) and spelled {{angle bracket|ḷḷ}}. Yeísmo is prevalent in Extremaduran language (spoken in northwestern Extremadura) and west central Asturian.
Leonese
Mirandeseast|lhéngua|italic=yes}}[ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ]}}
Aymaraay|llaki}}[ʎaki]}} 'sad'
Basqueeu|bonbilla|italic=yes}}[bo̞mbiʎa̠]}} 'bulb'
Bretonbr|familh|italic=yes}}[fa̠miʎ]}} 'family'
Bulgarianbg|любов}}[l̠ʲubof]}} 'love'date=May 2013}}
Catalan Standardca|ull|italic=yes}}[ˈuʎ̟]}} 'eye' Alveolo-palatal.[2] See Catalan phonology
Eastern Aragonca|clau|italic=yes}}[ˈkʎ̟a̠w]}} 'key'/l/}} in consonant clusters.
English County Donegal[7]{{lang|en|million|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈmɪʎən]}}'million'/lj/}}.[7]
General American[8]/lj/}}; sometimes realized as {{IPA|[jj]}}.[8] See English phonology
Enindhilyagwaaoi-Latn|angalya}}[aŋal̠ʲa]}} 'place' Laminal post-alveolar
Faroese[9]fo|telgja|italic=yes}}[ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa]}} 'to carve'/l/}} before palatal consonants.[9] Sometimes voiceless {{IPAblink|ʎ̥}}.[9] See Faroese phonology
Franco-Provençalfrp|balyi|italic=yes}}[baʎi]}} 'give'
French Some dialects[10]fr|papillon|italic=yes}}[papiʎɒ̃]}} 'butterfly'/j/}} in modern standard French. See French phonology
Galician Standardgl|illado|italic=yes}}[iˈʎa̠ðo̝]}} 'insulated' Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish
Greekel|ήλιος}}El-ήλιος.oga|[ˈiʎos]}} 'sun' Postalveolar.[11] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian Northern dialects[12]hu|lyuk|italic=yes}}[ʎuk]}} 'hole'[13] Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging {{IPA>/ʎ/}} into {{IPA|/j/}}. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology
Italian[2]it|figlio|italic=yes}}It-figlio.ogg|[ˈfiʎːo]}} 'son'[2] Realized as fricative {{IPAblink>ʎ̝}} in a large number of accents.[14] See Italian phonology
Ivilyuat Ivil̃uɂat[ʔivɪʎʊʔat]}} 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language')
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[15]no|alle|italic=yes}}[ɑʎːe]}} 'all' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Standardoc-Latn|miralhar}}[miɾa̠ˈʎa̠]}} 'to reflect' See Occitan phonology
Paiwan Standardpwn|veljevelj|italic=yes}}[vəʎəvəɬ]}} 'banana' See Paiwan language
Portuguese Standardpt|ralho|italic=yes}}[ˈʁaʎu]}} 'I scold'[16] May instead be {{IPA>[lʲ]}}, {{IPAblink|l}} (Northeast) or {{IPAblink|j}} (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[17][18] See Portuguese phonology
Many dialects[19]pt|sandália|italic=yes}}[sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ]}} 'sandal'/li/}} plus vowel.
Quechua[20]qu|qallu}}[qaʎʊ]}} 'tongue'
RomanianPop|1938|p=30}}ro|lingură|italic=yes}}[ˈʎunɡurə]}} 'spoon'l}}{{fix|text=in which environments?|date=March 2015}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[21]gd|till|italic=yes}}[tʲʰiːʎ]}} 'return'date=May 2013}} See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[22]sh-Cyrl|љуљaшка}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|ljuljaška}}[ʎ̟ǔʎ̟a̠ːʃka̠]}} 'swing (seat)' Palato-alveolar.[22] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sissanosso-Latn|piyl}}[piʎ]}} 'fish'
Slovaksk|ľúbiť|italic=yes}}SK-lubit.ogg|[ˈʎu̞ːbi̞c̟]}} 'to love'/l/}} in southern dialects. See Slovak phonology
Spanish[23] Andean{{lang|es|caballo|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ka̠ˈβa̠ʎö]}}'horse'Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with {{IPAslink|ʝ}}, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology
Castilian[24]
Chavacano
Central areas in Extremadura
Eastern and southwestern Manchego
Murcian
Paraguayan[25]
Philippine Spanish
Very few areas in Andalusia
Xumi Lower[5]{{IPA|[Rʎ̟o]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} 'musk deer'Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}}.[5][6]
Upper[6]{{IPA|[Hʎ̟ɛ]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} 'correct, right'

See also

  • Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with {{IPAc-es|y}}
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|1997|p=602}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|p=11}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|pp=10–13}}
5. ^1 2 {{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}}
6. ^1 2 {{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}}
7. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Stenson|1991}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2004|p=71}}
8. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=490}}
9. ^1 2 {{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=115}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Grevisse|Goosse|2011|loc=§33, b}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Fagyal|Kibbee|Jenkins|2006|p=47}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|2007|p=20}}
12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Benkő|1972|p=?}}
13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|p=10}}
14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ashby|2011|p=64}}: "(…) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
15. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Skjekkeland|1997|pp=105–107}}
16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Teixeira|Martins|Oliveira|Silva|2012|p=321}}
17. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Stein|2011|p=223}}
18. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Aragão|2009|p=168}}
19. ^Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português
20. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=149}}
21. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Oftedal|1956|p=?}}
22. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Jazić|1977|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=188}}
23. ^  ALPI
24. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}
25. ^Lipski (1996) and Alvar (1996). [dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5120313.pdf Yeísmo en el español de América]

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5 : Lateral consonants|Palatal consonants|Alveolo-palatal consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Oral consonants
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