“Paleoconservatism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Paleoconservatism's concerns overlap those of the Old Right that opposed the New Deal in the 1930s and 1940s.{{sfn|Raimondo|1993}} According to the international relations scholar Michael Foley, "paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programs, the decentralization of federal policy, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and noninterventionism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race".{{sfn|Foley|2007|p=318}}

Political theorist Paul Gottfried states that the term originally referred to various Americans, such as conservative and traditionalist Catholics and agrarian Southerners, who turned to anti-communism during the Cold War.{{sfn|Gottfried|2006}}

Core beliefs

Name

The prefix "paleo" derives from the Greek root παλαιός, meaning "ancient" or "old". It is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and refers to the paleoconservatives' claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in neoconservatism. Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo". Neoconservative Rich Lowry of National Review claims the prefix "is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post–Cold War politics".^[2]

The paleoconservatives use the term "conservative" somewhat differently from some American opponents of leftism. Paleoconservatives may reject attempts by Rush Limbaugh and others to graft short-term policy goals—such as school choice, enterprise zone and faith-based initiatives—into the core of conservatism. This is mainly due to the paleoconservatives' desire to see these incorporated as long-term institutional goals, rather than short-term victories for the movement itself. In this way, paleoconservatives are generally regarded as taking the "long view" toward American conservatism, willing to suffer temporary setbacks while never taking their aim off the goal of establishing the primacy of conservative thought into American politics.{{Cn|date=March 2019}}

Samuel T. Francis, Thomas Fleming and some other paleoconservatives de-emphasized the "conservative" part of the "paleoconservative" label, saying that they do not want the status quo preserved.{{sfn|Francis|1994}}^[3] Fleming and Paul Gottfried called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution".{{sfn|Gottfried|Fleming|1988|p=xv}} Francis defined authentic conservatism as "the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions".^[4] He said of the paleoconservative movement: {{quote|What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones.^[5]}}

Outside of the United States, the word is sometimes spelled "palaeoconservative".^[6]

Conservative heritage

Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as classical conservatives and trace their philosophy to the Old Right Republicans of the interwar period{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} which influenced the United States not to join the League of Nations, reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924 and oppose Franklin D. Roosevelt. They often look back even further, to Edmund Burke as well as the anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of Thomas Jefferson to John C. Calhoun.^[7]{{unreliable source?|date=December 2018}}

Paleoconservatism is opposed to open immigration by non-Europeans,{{sfn|Machnik|2015}} and disapproves of United States intervention overseas.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Paleoconservatism is strongly critical of neoconservatism in print media, talk radio and cable TV news.^[8] Paleoconservatives may say they are not conservatives in the sense that they wish to preserve existing institutions or seek to slow the growth of modern big-government conservatism. Rather, they promote Republicanism as a feature of Western heritage and customs.^[9] Paleoconservatives see neoconservatives as empire-builders and themselves as defenders of the republic.^[10]

As with other conservatives, paleoconservatives tend to oppose abortion on demand{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and gay marriage^[11]^[12] while supporting handgun ownership.^[13]

Human nature, tradition and reason

Paleoconservatives argue that since human nature is limited and finite, any attempt to create a man-made utopia is headed for disaster and potential carnage. Instead, they lean toward tradition, family, customs, religious institutions and classical learning to provide wisdom and guidance.^[14]

Fleming stated this opposition to abstract ideals in a way that critic David Brooks called a "startling crescendo":

The political scientist W. Wesley McDonald explains the opposition to ideology{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} this way:

Along these lines, Joseph Sobran argues in his Pensees that Western civilization relies on civility at the center of the society:

Certain paleoconservatives say that tradition is a better guide than reason. For example, Mel Bradford wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects".^[18] So a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, 'we don't do that'".^[19]

Fleming calls tradition "a body of wisdom and truth and a set of attitudes and behavior handed down from one generation to another. It is our parents' respect for their grandfathers that we reflect when we refuse to think ourselves wiser than our ancestors and do not presume to condemn their shortcomings".{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} By following tradition, Sobran said that society can maintain continuity with the past through words, rituals, records, commemorations and laws: {{quote|There is no question of "resisting change." The only question is what can and should be salvaged from "devouring time." Conservation is a labor, not indolence, and it takes discrimination to identify and save a few strands of tradition in the incessant flow of mutability. In fact conservation is so hard that it could never be achieved by sheer conscious effort. Most of it has to be done by habit, as when we speak in such a way as to make ourselves understood by others without their having to consult a dictionary, and thereby give a little permanence to the kind of tradition that is a language.^[17]}}

Furthermore, James Kalb argues that tradition succeeds where ideology fails because it includes habits and attitudes about things that are hard to articulate rationally. Many aspects of social life resist clear definition, so technocratic approaches to social policy deserve suspicion: {{quote|Our knowledge is partial and attained with difficulty. The effects of political proposals are difficult to predict and as the proposals become more ambitious their effects become incalculable. We can't evaluate political ideas without accepting far more beliefs, presumptions and attitudes than we could possibly judge critically.^[20]}}

Concrete roots

Paleoconservatives tend to dislike abstract principles presented without connection to concrete roots, such as religion, heritage, or traditional institutions. This distaste for universalism includes the doctrinal conclusions by socialists, neo-Thomists and Straussians.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} For example, Bradford wrote in A Better Guide Than Reason (citing Michael Oakeshott): {{quote|The only freedom which can last is a freedom embodied somewhere, rooted in a history, located in space, sanctioned by genealogy, and blessed by a religious establishment. The only equality which abstract rights, insisted upon outside the context of politics, are likely to provide is the equality of universal slavery. It is a lesson which Western man is only now beginning to learn.{{sfn|Bradford|1994|p=xviii}}}}

Some paleoconservatives also profess a conservative value-centered historicism,{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} which Gottfried defines as "the belief that historical circumstances set values".^[23] This is distinguished from nihilism, postmodernism, and moral relativism.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Francis argued that this position is a "Burkean appeal to tradition".^[23] For example, Edmund Burke wrote in his Reflections on the Revolution in France:

Claes G. Ryn says that life has "an enduring purpose, but one that manifests itself differently as individuals and circumstances are different".{{sfn|Ryn|1998|p=90}} He writes: {{quote|For the conservative, the universal imperative that binds human beings does not announce its purpose in simple, declaratory statements. How, then, does one discern its demands? Sometimes only with difficulty. Only through effort can the good or true or beautiful be discovered, and they must be realized differently in different historical circumstances. The same universal values have diverse manifestations. Some of the concrete instantiations of universality take us by surprise. Because there is no simple roadmap to good, human beings need freedom and imagination to find it. Universality has nothing to do with uniformity.^[24]}}

Anti-federalism

Anti-federalism (see the American anti-Federalist movement) is another key aspect of paleoconservatism, which adherents see as an antitype to the managerial state. The paleoconservative flavor urges honoring the principle of subsidiarity, that is decentralized government, local rule, private property and minimal bureaucracy.^[20] In an international context, this view would be known as federalism and paleoconservatives often look to John C. Calhoun for inspiration.^[25] As to the role of statecraft in society, Fleming says it should not be confused with soulcraft. He gives his summary of the paleoconservative position:{{quote|Our basic position on the state has always been twofold: 1) a recognition that man is a social and political animal who cannot be treated as an "individual" without doing damage to human nature. In this sense libertarian theory is as wrong and as potentially harmful as communism. The commonwealth is therefore a natural and necessary expression of human nature that provides for the fulfillment of human needs, and 2) the modern state is a cancerous form of polity that has metastasized and poisoned the natural institutions from which the state derives all legitimacy—family, church, corporation (in the broadest sense), and neighborhood. Thus, it is almost always a mistake to try to use the modern state to accomplish moral or social ends.^[26]|sign=|source=}}For example, Russell Kirk argued that most government tasks should be performed at the local or state level. This is intended to ward off centralization and protect community sentiment by putting the decision-making power closer to the populace. He rooted this in the Christian notion of original sin as since humanity is flawed, society should not put too much power in a few hands. Gerald J. Russello concluded that this involved "a different way of thinking about government, one based on an understanding of political society as beginning in place and sentiment, which in turn supports written laws".{{sfn|Russello|2004}}

This anti-federalism extends to culture too. In general, this means that different regional groups should be able to maintain their own distinct identity. For example, Fleming and Michael Hill argue that the American South and every other region have the right to "preserve their authentic cultural traditions and demand the same respect from others". In the Southern context, they call on citizens to "take control of their own governments, their own institutions, their own culture, their own communities and their own lives" and "wean themselves from dependence on federal largesse". They say:{{quote|A concern for states' rights, local self-government and regional identity used to be taken for granted everywhere in America. But the United States is no longer, as it once was, a federal union of diverse states and regions. National uniformity is being imposed by the political class that runs Washington, the economic class that owns Wall Street and the cultural class in charge of Hollywood and the Ivy League.^[27]}}In a similar fashion, Pat Buchanan argued during the 1996 campaign that the social welfare should be left to the control of individual states. He also called for abolishing the Department of Education and handing decision-making over to parents, teachers and districts. Controversies such as evolution, busing and curriculum standards would be settled on a local basis.^[28] In addition, he opposed a 1998 Puerto Rican statehood plan on the grounds that the island would be ripped from its cultural and linguistic roots: "Let Puerto Rico remain Puerto Rico, and let the United States remain the United States and not try to absorb, assimilate and Americanize a people whose hearts will forever belong to that island".^[29]

Family

Paleoconservatives often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families. Allan C. Carlson, former president of the Rockford Institute, argues: {{quote|The family is the natural and fundamental social unit, inscribed in our nature as human beings, rooted in marriage, rooted in the commitment to bring new life into the world, and rooted in a deep respect for both ancestors and posterity.^[30]}}

He calls this a universal rule of human nature, true for Westerners and non-Westerners alike. He also argues that happiness "comes through natural family bonds" and that "the future of any nation shall be by way of the family".^[31] He defines family as "a man and a woman living in a socially sanctioned bond called marriage for the purposes of propagating and rearing children, sharing intimacy and resources, and conserving lineage, property, and tradition".^[32]

Sobran picks up this same theme, saying that heterosexual marriage is hard-coded into human nature: {{quote|[Even] the Pope can’t change the nature of marriage. It existed, by necessity of human nature, long before Jesus or even Abraham... This has nothing to do with mere disapproval of sodomy. Even societies that were indifferent to sodomy saw no reason to treat same-sex domestic partnerships as marriages. Why not? Because such unions don’t produce children... To put it as unromantically as possible, people who have children should be stuck with each other, sharing the responsibility.^[33]}}

Paleoconservatives also question the validity of gender feminism in similar ways, some questioning feminism in both its radical and moderate forms. They say that the push for total gender equality dehumanizes both men and women, damaging the nuclear family and sacralizing abortion. Certain attitudes toward feminism also create room for the managerial state to try engineering sexual equality. Gottfried described this position, which was influenced by scholar Allan Carlson, thus: {{quote|The change of women's role, from being primarily mothers to self-defined professionals, has been a social disaster that continues to take its toll on the family. Rather than being the culminating point of Western Christian gentility, the movement of women into commerce and politics may be seen as exactly the opposite, the descent by increasingly disconnected individuals into social chaos.^[34]}}

Post-family order

As an alternative to the "abstract state", Carlson argues the state must recognize that men and women "are different in reproductive, economic, and social functions", even though they share political and property rights.^[32] He says that churches and other religious bodies must step in and help rebuild "family-centered communities".^[37] As for common people, he says: {{quote|Men and women are both called home to rebuild families with an inner sanctity, to relearn the authentic meanings of the ancient words husbandry and housewifery, and to exercise the natural family functions of education, the care of the weak, charity, and a common economic life.^[37]}}

Carlson argues that the family's greatest challenge in the early 21st century comes from what he calls "soft totalitarianisms", which are "packaged around a militant secular individualism, but still seeking to build a marriage-free, post-family order".^[39] This includes same-sex marriage, the left's association of family values with abortion^[40] and "equity feminism".^[32] Francis uses similar ideas to argue that society should regulate sexual behavior, specifically laws against sodomy and gays in the military.^[41]

Polemics

Other contemporary luminaries include Donald Livingston, a Professor of Philosophy at Emory{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and corresponding editor for Chronicles;^[42] Paul Craig Roberts, an attorney and former Reagan administration Treasury official; Joseph Sobran, a columnist and contributing editor for Chronicles;^[42] the novelist and essayist Chilton Williamson, senior editor for books at Chronicles;^[42] and the historian Clyde N. Wilson, long-time contributing editor for Chronicles.^[42] Another prominent paleoconservative, Theodore Pappas,{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} is the current executive editor of Encyclopædia Britannica.^[43]

The movement combines disparate people and ideas that might seem incompatible in another context.^[44] Such diversity of thought echoes the paleo opposition to ideology and political rationalism, reflecting the influence of thinkers like Russell Kirk^[45] and Michael Oakeshott.^[46]

Kirkian legacy

Kirk developed six "canons" of conservatism.{{sfn|Kirk|1986|pp=8–9}} Gerald J. Russello described them thus:

In addition, Kirk said that "all culture arises out of religion. When religious faith decays, culture must decline, though often seeming to flourish for a space after the religion which has nourished it has sunk into disbelief".{{sfn|Kirk|2014}}

Kirk called libertarians "chirping sectaries" by quoting T. S. Eliot and said that they and conservatives have nothing in common apart from their opposition to collectivism.^[50] He called the movement "an ideological clique forever splitting into sects still smaller and odder, but rarely conjugating".^[51] He said a line of division exists between believers in "some sort of transcendent moral order" and "utilitarians admitting no transcendent sanctions for conduct", libertarians being in the latter category.^[51]

Kirk also popularized the Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke as the prototypical conservative—and many paleoconservatives consider him a hallowed ancestor.^[52] For them, he represents a vital link between the American right and the greater tradition of British customs and common law.^[53]{{failed verification|date=January 2018}} As such, his ideas are a touchstone for a conservatism that respects tradition, while rejecting authoritarianism.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Unlike paleoconservatives, Kirk was not particularly influenced by the social sciences and other "modernist disciplines".{{sfn|McDonald|2004|p=216}}

Precursors

In the United States, the Southern Agrarians,{{sfn|Murphy|2001|p=254}} John T. Flynn,^[54] Albert Jay Nock,^[55] Garet Garrett,^[56] Robert R. McCormick,^[57] Felix Morley^[58] and Richard M. Weaver,{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} among others, articulated positions that have influenced contemporary paleoconservatives. Some paleoconservatives embrace the decentralizing tenets of the Anti-Federalists,^[59] such as John Dickinson^[60] and George Mason.^[61] Neoconservative critic David Brooks lists William Jennings Bryan, T. S. Eliot, Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks and Walker Percy as major paleo influences.^[15]

Counter-revolutionary (Roman Catholic) European precursors to the paleoconservatives include Joseph de Maistre, Charles Maurras, Juan Donoso Cortés, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and Pope Pius IX, specifically in the Roman Catholic traditionalist subset of paleoconservatism. G. K. Chesterton^[62]{{failed verification|date=January 2018}}^[63] and Hilaire Belloc also influence paleo thought.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Regarding Chesterton and Belloc, Sobran said:

In 1912, Belloc predicted the rise of a new form of tyranny, which he called "the Servile State," neither capitalist nor socialist, in which one part of the population would be forced to support the other. He was not always accurate in detail, but he was right in principle. He saw that the cellular structure of Christian society was under assault.

Chesterton agreed. Together both men resisted modernity in religion, morality, politics, economics, and art. They celebrated the Middle Ages, small private property, and above all Catholicism. In a famous epigram, typically defiant in its simplicity, Belloc proclaimed: "Europe is the Faith, and the Faith is Europe."^[64]}}

Other historical sources referenced by paleoconservatives include Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and Antonio Gramsci.{{sfn|McDonald|1999|p=75}} Contrarian leftists such as Eugene Genovese, Christopher Lasch and Paul Piccone have also influenced the movement.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993|p=154}} Modern European continental conservatives Jacques Barzun, Alain de Benoist and René Girard have also been praised by paleoconservatives.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Southern traditionalism

According to historian Paul V. Murphy, paleoconservatives developed a focus on "states' rights" and political localism. From the mid-1980s onward, Chronicles promoted a Southern traditionalist worldview focused on national identity, regional particularity, and skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power.{{sfn|Murphy|2001|p=218}} According to Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta (2009), the antimodernism of the paleoconservative movement defined the neo-confederate movement of the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, notable paleoconservative argued that desegregation, welfare, tolerance of gay rights, and church-state separation had been damaging to local communities, and that these issues had been imposed by federal legislatures and think tanks. Paleoconservatives also claimed the Southern Agrarians as forebearers in this regard.^[65]

Fusionism

Many first-generation paleoconservatives were National Review supporters, but drifted away as the magazine was seen as becoming neoconservative{{efn|The paleoconservatives' dispute with William F. Buckley Jr. is described in {{harvnb|Gottfried|1993}}.}} starting in the 1970s.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993}}{{page number needed|date=January 2018}}^[66] Chronicles founder Leopold Tyrmand complained that the movement gave political solutions to cultural problems.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993|p=50}}

Open hostility broke out in the mid-1980s and was never resolved.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}} Some paleoconservatives argued that fusionism failed^[5] and suggested a new alliance on the right to stand outside the neoconservative consensus.^[67] Buchanan stated that "We are old church and old right, anti-imperialist and anti-interventionist, disbelievers in Pax Americana".^[15]^[68]

The Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI) still follows the old fusionism.{{sfn|Edwards|2003|loc=ch. 6}} It showcases both neoconservative and Old Right ideas, such as anti-interventionism, limited government and cultural regionalism, in its publications and conferences. While it favors free-market solutions it tends to recognize the limitations of the market, or as economist Wilhelm Röpke says, "the market is not everything". ISI scholarship includes analysis of agrarian and distributist works, along with the idea of an "humane economy".^[69]

One fusionist, James Burnham, influenced paleocons, especially Francis. Gottfried said that the two men believed that social forces create ideologies—and that "moral visions are the mere accompaniments of the process by which classes make themselves economically dominant and try to control other groups".{{sfn|Gottfried|1999|p=63}}

International parallels

As paleoconservatism germinated as a reaction to neoconservatism,{{sfn|Scotchie|2017a|p=1}} most of its development as a distinct political tendency under that name has been in the United States, although there are parallels in the traditional Old Right of other Western nations. French conservatives such as Jean Raspail{{sfn|Williamson|2004|pp=265–270}} and British conservatives such as Enoch Powell,{{sfn|Buchanan|2006|pages=187–190}} Peter Hitchens,{{sfn|Hitchens|1999}} Antony Flew (whom the Rockford Institute awarded the Ingersoll Prize),^[70] Sir John Betjeman,{{sfn|Watson|1985|p=54}} and Sir Roger Scruton^[71] as well as Scruton's Salisbury Review and Derek Turner's Quarterly Review,^[72]{{failed verification|date=January 2018}} along with Australia's Sydney Traditionalist Forum^[73] and Edmund Burke's Club ^[74] all emphasize skepticism, stability and the Burkean inheritance and may be considered broadly sympathetic to paleoconservative values.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} For example, Hitchens wrote in opposition to the Iraq War: {{quote|There is nothing conservative about war. For at least the last century war has been the herald and handmaid of socialism and state control. It is the excuse for censorship, organized lying, regulation and taxation. It is paradise for the busybody and the nark. It damages family life and wounds the Church. It is, in short, the ally of everything summed up by the ugly word "progress".^[75]}}

Note the One Nation movement in 1990s Australia,^[76] Germany's Junge Freiheit^[77] and Italy's Lega Nord^[78] and compare the Russian dissidents Andrei Navrozov^[79] and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.^[80]

Neoconservatism

Pat Buchanan calls neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open-borders ideology".^[81] The paleoconservatives argue that the "neocons" are illegitimate interlopers in the conservative movement. In 1986,^[82] the historian Stephen Tonsor, who rejects the label "paleoconservative",^[83] said: {{quote|It has always struck me as odd, even perverse, that former Marxists have been permitted, yes invited, to play such a leading role in the Conservative movement of the twentieth century. It is splendid when the town whore gets religion and joins the church. Now and then she makes a good choir director, but when she begins to tell the minister what he ought to say in his Sunday sermons, matters have been carried too far.^[84]}}

Prominent people

Politicians

Philosophers and scholars

Journalists

Other

Notable organizations and outlets

Organizations

Periodicals and websites

Radio shows

See also

Notes

References

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite magazine |last=Williamson |first=Chilton, Jr. |date=January 2011 |title=What Is Paleoconservatism? Man, Know Thyself! |url=http://chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101WilliamsonPaleo.html |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205111513/http://chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101WilliamsonPaleo.html |archive-date=December 5, 2004 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
2. ^{{cite magazine |last=Lowry |first=Richard |author-link=Rich Lowry |year=2005 |title=Reaganism v. Neo-Reaganism |url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/reaganism-v-neo-reaganism-432 |url-access=subscription |magazine=The National Interest |issue=79 |publisher=Center for the National Interest |pages=35–41 |issn=1938-1573 |jstor=42897547 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
3. ^{{cite magazine |last=Foer |first=Franklin |author-link=Franklin Foer |date=July 22, 2002 |title=Home Bound |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |magazine=The New Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001193300/http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
4. ^{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=July 1992 |title=The Buchanan Revolution |url=http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723154821/http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2004 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |via=SamFrancis.net}}
5. ^¹{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=March 2004 |title=(Con)fusion on the Right |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404042145/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |archive-date=April 4, 2007 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite magazine |last=Reid |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Reid (English journalist) |date=May 31, 2003 |title=Diary |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2003/05/diary-394/ |url-access=limited |magazine=The Spectator |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web |last=Rockwell |first=Llewellyn H., Jr. |author-link=Lew Rockwell |date=May 2, 2002 |title=What I Learned from Paleoism |url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/2002/05/lew-rockwell/what-i-learned-from-paleoism/ |website=LewRockwell.com |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web |last=Tuma |first=Kevin |year=2002 |title=The Myth of GOP Conservatism: The Ugly Truth about the Republican Party |url=http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2002/libe193-20021007-06.html |website=The Libertarian Enterprise |issue=193 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web |last=Larison |first=Daniel |title=How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ |url=http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |publisher=American Conservative Union Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205201328/http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |archive-date=February 5, 2004 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
10. ^{{cite news |last=Judis |first=John B. |author-link=John Judis |date=October 3, 1999 |title=The Buchanan Doctrine |url= https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/03/reviews/991003.03judist.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite magazine |last=Chu |first=Jeff |date=August 20, 2006 |title=10 Questions for Pat Buchanan |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229098-1,00.html |magazine=Time |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229098-1,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |access-date=May 21, 2010}}
12. ^{{cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |date=September 8, 2005 |title=Ethics 01A.1: Gay Marriage, Democracy |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |dead-url=yes |magazine=Chronicles |location=Rockford, Illinois |publisher=Rockford Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927173854/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=August 27, 2006}}
13. ^{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=October 15, 2003 |title=Gun Control: The Final Blow |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Francis/NewsSF101503.html |dead-url=yes |magazine=Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313154240/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Francis/NewsSF101503.html |archive-date=March 13, 2005 |access-date=September 1, 2006}}
14. ^{{cite web |last=Peppe |first=Enrico |date=April 27, 2004 |title=Thomas Molnar: The Counter-Revolution |url=http://www.intellectualconservative.com/article3366.html |website=IntellectualConservative.com |access-date=January 24, 2014}}
15. ^¹²{{cite news| title=Buchananism: An Intellectual Cause| first=David| last=Brooks |author-link=David Brooks (cultural commentator) | work=The Weekly Standard| date=11 March 1996}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Russell Kirk and the Age of Ideology by W. Wesley McDonald |url=http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2004/mcdonald.htm |publisher=University of Missouri Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105180429/http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2004/mcdonald.htm |archive-date=January 5, 2006 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
17. ^¹{{cite magazine |last=Sobran |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Sobran |year=1985 |title=Pensees: Notes for the Reactionary of Tomorrow |magazine=National Review |volume=37 |issue=25 |location=New York |page=28 |issn=0028-0038}}
18. ^{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M. E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |page=129}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}.
19. ^{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M. E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |pages=119, 121}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}.
20. ^¹{{cite web |last=Kalb |first=Jim |title=Jim Kalb's Conservatism FAQ |url=http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/chris.holt/home.informal/lounge/politics/conservativism/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629205328/http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/chris.holt/home.informal/lounge/politics/conservativism/ |archive-date=June 29, 2006 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
21. ^{{cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |date=January 28, 2006 |title=Back to Mordor |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Back_to_Mordor.html?seemore%3Dy |dead-url=yes |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927172125/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Back_to_Mordor.html?seemore=y |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=August 26, 2006}}
22. ^{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |date=May 25, 2006 |title=Da Vinci Code Protest |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Da_Vinci_Code_Prote.writeback |deadurl=yes |website=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927171625/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Da_Vinci_Code_Prote.writeback |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=September 23, 2006}}
23. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/September2003/0903Francis.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-09-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106021320/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/September2003/0903Francis.html |archivedate=January 6, 2006 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig5/ryn2.html |title=Where in the World Are We Going? by Claes G. Ryn |publisher=Lewrockwell.com |date=April 2, 2006 |accessdate=January 24, 2014}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/young-andrew/young-andrew11.html |title=Rescuing Calhoun by Andrew Young |publisher=Lewrockwell.com |date=July 30, 2005 |accessdate=January 24, 2014}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Anarcho-Tyranny_Roc.writeback|title=Anarcho-Tyranny Rockford Style |author= Thomas Fleming |accessdate=October 7, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927173012/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Anarcho-Tyranny_Roc.writeback |archivedate=September 27, 2006 }}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://dixienet.org/rights/newdixiemanifesto.shtml |title=League of the South |website=Dixienet.org |accessdate=April 1, 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.buchanan.org/pa-00-0725-stagnaro.html|title=Pat Buchanan on the American Future|last1=Stagnaro|first1=Carlo|date=July 24, 2000|work=The Laissez Faire City Times|accessdate=November 19, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008152646/http://www.buchanan.org/pa-00-0725-stagnaro.html|archivedate=October 8, 2008|issue=Vol 4, No 30|ref=stagnaro}}
29. ^"Let Puerto Rico Remain Puerto Rico", Pat Buchanan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826002334/http://www.buchanan.org/pa-98-0915.html|date=August 26, 2006}}
30. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_ffus.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date=January 19, 1999 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153031/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_ffus.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.060215.korea.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date=February 15, 2006 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515155131/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.060215.korea.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
32. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.051117.legatus.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date=November 17, 2005 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515135728/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.051117.legatus.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
33. ^{{cite web|author=Ronald N. Neff, www.thornwalker.com |url=http://www.sobran.com/columns/2003/030805.shtml |title=Sobran Column – Is the Pope Square? |publisher=Sobran.com |date=August 5, 2003 |accessdate=January 24, 2014}}
34. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/2001/04/paul-gottfried/the-trouble-with-feminism/| title=The Trouble with Feminism| first=Paul| last= Gottfried}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_wcfregdc_0111.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date=October 26, 2001 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827174809/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_wcfregdc_0111.htm |archivedate=August 27, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_O1A2__Gay_M.writeback|title=Ethics O1A.2: Gay Marriage |author=Thomas Fleming |accessdate=September 14, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927172313/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_O1A2__Gay_M.writeback |archivedate=September 27, 2006 }}
37. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_dectnf.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date= |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120911035252/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_dectnf.htm |archivedate=September 11, 2012 |df= }}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/press/thc.pr.060320.htm |title=THC: The Howard Center: Press Release |publisher=Profam.org |date=May 13, 2007 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181329/http://profam.org/press/thc.pr.060320.htm |archivedate=February 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_frc_sfl_040616.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date= |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515145035/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc_acc_frc_sfl_040616.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.060211.econ.abort.htm |title=THC Allan Carlson, Ph.D.: Speeches: The Howard Center |publisher=Profam.org |date=February 11, 2006 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515141532/http://www.profam.org/docs/acc/thc.acc.060211.econ.abort.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
41. ^"Sex and consequences", The Washington Times, February 2, 1993.
42. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y |publisher=Chronicles Magazine |title=Contents |accessdate=November 5, 2006 |date=August 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012062455/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y |archivedate=October 12, 2006 }}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://corporate.britannica.com/press/releases/new_site.html |title=Redesigned Britannica Site Serves Enjoyment with Enlightenment |date=December 8, 2005 |accessdate=November 3, 2006 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111124535/http://corporate.britannica.com/press/releases/new_site.html |archivedate=November 11, 2006 }} – EB corporate site mentioning Pappas
44. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.etherzone.com/2003/wilk020603.shtml| title=Voices in The Wilderness| first=David| last=Wilkinson| access-date=August 27, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012006/http://www.etherzone.com/2003/wilk020603.shtml| archive-date=October 5, 2013| dead-url=yes| df=mdy-all}}
45. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Richert.html |date=July 2004 |journal=Chronicles |title=Review: Russell Kirk and the Negation of Ideology |first=Scott P. |last=Richert |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403225741/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Richert.html |archivedate=April 3, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
46. ^{{cite web |author=Patrick West |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CAD9C.htm |title=The Poverty of Multiculturalism |publisher=Spiked-online.com |date= |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327160255/http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CAD9C.htm |archive-date=March 27, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
47. ^Pat Buchanan Responds To Lenora Fulani'S Resignation – Buchanan Campaign Press Releases – theinternetbrigade – Official Web Site {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005164216/http://www.buchanan.org/pma-00-0621-fulani.html |date=October 5, 2006 }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1994.pdf |title=samfrancis.net |publisher=samfrancis.net |date= |accessdate=January 24, 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web|last=Abrams |first=Elliott |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V85I5P56-1.htm |title=Time For Obama To Embarrass His Own VP? |publisher=Commentarymagazine.com |date=September 22, 2008 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420233102/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V85I5P56-1.htm |archivedate=April 20, 2005 |df= }}
50. ^{{cite magazine |last=Kirk |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Kirk |year=1981 |title=Libertarians: Chirping Sectaries |url=https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/25_04/kirk.pdf |journal=Modern Age |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=345, 349 |access-date=January 26, 2018}}
51. ^¹{{cite magazine |last=Kirk |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Kirk |year=1981 |title=Libertarians: Chirping Sectaries |url=https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/25_04/kirk.pdf |journal=Modern Age |volume=25 |issue=4 |page=349 |access-date=January 26, 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm |title=Law, Morality, and Religion |first=Stephen B. |last=Presser |publisher=Chronicles Magazine |year=2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404042403/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm |archivedate=April 4, 2007 }}
53. ^{{cite web| url=http://users.etown.edu/m/mcdonaldw/Kirkbc.htm| title=Russell Kirk's Conservative Mind| first=W. Wesley| last=McDonald| authorlink=W. Wesley McDonald| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920021720/http://users.etown.edu/m/mcdonaldw/Kirkbc.htm| archivedate=September 20, 2013| df=mdy-all}}
54. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/stromberg/stromberg23.html| title= War, Peace, and the State| first= Joseph|last=Stromberg}}
55. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/mcmaken/mcmaken75.html| title= The Helpful Persuasion| first= Ryan| last= McMaken}}
56. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.antiwar.com/orig/anti-imp2.html| title= Garet Garrett: Exemplar of the Old Right| first=Justin| last=Raimondo| authorlink=Justin Raimondo}}
57. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard45.html| title=Life in the Old Right| first= Murray N.| last= Rothbard}}
58. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s120799.html| title= Felix Morley: An Old-fashioned Republican| first= Joseph R.| last= Stromberg}}
59. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/down-presidency.html| title= Down With the Presidency| first= Llewellyn H., Jr.| last= Rockwell}}
60. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig5/galles5.html| title= John Dickenson, Founder and Revolutionary| first= Gary| last= Galles}}
61. ^{{cite web| url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo90.html| title= Standard Weekly Lies| first= Thomas J.| last= DiLorenzo}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theenglandproject.net/documents/secret-people.html |title=The England Project |accessdate=2016-02-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714122918/http://www.theenglandproject.net/documents/secret-people.html |archivedate=July 14, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
63. ^See ISI's scholarly analysis of him in Modern Age and Intercollegiate Review
64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.secondspring.co.uk/articles/sobran.htm |title=sobran |publisher=Secondspring.co.uk |date= |accessdate=January 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707181703/http://www.secondspring.co.uk/articles/sobran.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
65. ^{{cite book |last1=Hague |first1=Euan |last2=Beirich |first2=Heidi |last3=Sebesta |first3=Edward H. |title=Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction |date=2009 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292779211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfWdaR9wHEEC |accessdate=3 December 2018 |language=en |pages=25–27}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9605/opinion/thistime.html |title=The End of Neoconservatism |first=James |last=Nuechterlein |publisher=First Things |date=May 1996 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214182102/http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9605/opinion/thistime.html |archivedate=December 14, 2006 }}
67. ^{{cite web| url=http://antiwar.com/raimondo/book1.html| title=The Old Right and the Future of Conservatism| first= Patrick J.| last= Buchanan}}
68. ^"What is Left? What is Right?". The American Conservative
69. ^See, for example, {{harvnb|Röpke|1998}}.
70. ^{{cite magazine |last=Flew |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Flew |date=July 1999 |title='Social' Justice Is Not Justice |url=https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/1999/July/23/7/magazine/article/10830007/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=Chronicles |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
71. ^¹{{cite web |last=Scruton |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Scruton |date=January 2006 |title=The Joy of Conservatism: An Interview with Roger Scruton |url=http://www.newpantagruel.com/2006/01/the_joy_of_cons.php |dead-url=yes |interviewer-last=Goss |interviewer-first=Maxwell |work=The New Pantagruel |publisher=Pantagruel Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114121053/http://www.newpantagruel.com/2006/01/the_joy_of_cons.php?page=all |archive-date=November 14, 2006 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |df=mdy-all }}
72. ^edited by Derek Turner, a contributor to Chronicles {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501052631/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101Turner.htm |date=May 1, 2007 }}
73. ^"SydneyTrads - Weblog of the Sydney Traditionalist Forum
74. ^{{cite web |title=Edmund Burke's Club |url=http://edmundburkesclub.org.au/|publisher=Edmund Burke's Club |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
75. ^From {{cite web| url= http://pugpig.spectator.co.uk/comic/not-in-our-name/| title= Not in Our Name| first= Peter| last= Hitchens| date= 29 March 2003| deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160208004203/http://pugpig.spectator.co.uk/comic/not-in-our-name/| archivedate= February 8, 2016| df= mdy-all}}
76. ^{{cite magazine |last=Stove |first=R. J. |author-link=R. J. Stove |date=July 1997 |title=The Iron Lady Down Under |url=https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/1997/July/21/7/magazine/article/10836804/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=Chronicles |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
77. ^{{cite magazine |last=Gottfried |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Gottfried |date=January 2003 |title=A Welcome Anniversary |url=https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/2003/January/27/1/magazine/article/10826340/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=Chronicles |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
78. ^{{cite magazine |last=Carosa |first=Alberto |date=July 2004 |title=Letter From Italy: 'Peaceful' Immigrants |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Carosa.html |dead-url=yes |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718000541/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Carosa.html |archive-date=July 18, 2006 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
79. ^A corresponding editor to Chronicles {{cite news|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y |publisher=Chronicles |date=August 2006 |title=Table of Contents |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012062455/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y |archivedate=October 12, 2006 |df= }} (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)
80. ^See for example his 1974 speech Live Not By Lies {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827211742/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/livenotbylies.html |date=August 27, 2006 }}
81. ^{{cite news |last=Carr |first=David |author-link=David Carr (journalist) |date=September 9, 2002 |title=For Buchanan, a New Pulpit and Target |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/09/business/media-for-buchanan-a-new-pulpit-and-target.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried48.html |title=Fatuous and Malicious by Paul Gottfried |website=Archive.lewrockwell.com |date=March 28, 2003 |accessdate=April 1, 2016}}
83. ^¹²³{{cite magazine |last=Frum |first=David |author-link=David Frum |year=2003 |title=Unpatriotic Conservatives: A War against America |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/frum/frum031903.asp |magazine=National Review |volume=55 |issue=6 |location=New York |pages=32–40 |issn=0028-0038 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205032059/http://www.nationalreview.com/frum/frum031903.asp |archive-date=December 5, 2003 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://novaemilitiae.squarespace.com/periodic-musings-blog/2006/7/11/the-traditionalist-conservatives-revolt-against-modernity.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=September 11, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429130925/http://novaemilitiae.squarespace.com/periodic-musings-blog/2006/7/11/the-traditionalist-conservatives-revolt-against-modernity.html |archivedate=April 29, 2007 }}
85. ^{{cite web|work=Chronicles Magazine|url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/2017/April/41/4/magazine/article/10838405/|title=Considering Bannon|date=March 2, 2017}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=How Far Right, Hoosier Republicans?|work=FiveThirtyEight|date=May 3, 2010|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-far-right-hoosier-republicans/}}
87. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation|year=2011|publisher=Springer|first=Joshua|last=Newman}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/138421/stephen-bannons-long-game|work=The New Republic|title=Stephen Bannon's Long Game|date=November 4, 2016}}
89. ^Kleefeld, Eric, "Tancredo's New Home... Paleoconservative Group Without Much Electoral Success," Talking Points Memo, July 26, 2010. Horowitz, Carl F., "Profiling In an Age of Terrorism," Social Contract, Vol. 17, Fall 2006.
90. ^"Backlash on the border" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127070518/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2004/10/18/arizona_immigration/ |date=January 27, 2008 }} By Max Blumenthal, Salon.com
91. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan|title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained|publisher=|date=2016-05-06}}
92. ^http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-road-from-libertarianism.html
93. ^{{cite web|work=First Principles Journal|date=18 May 2012|url=http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=318|title=Paleoconservatism}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/04/08/jordan-peterson-beating-pundits-own-game-217773|title=The Canadian Psychologist Beating American Pundits at Their Own Game|publisher=}}
95. ^Phillips, Dan, "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life," Magic City Morning Star, November 8, 2006.
96. ^Simms, Brendan, "Neoconservatives are the heirs to Burke," Social Affairs Unit, October 9, 2007.
97. ^{{cite web |last=Ponnuru |first=Ramesh |author-link=Ramesh Ponnuru |date=May 28, 2008 |title=My Favorite Paleos |url=http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=MTc3MDkwMDRjZDM5ZWZkMjlmZGEyNDFiZmIxNjg5Njg= |department=The Corner |website=National Review Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008124842/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/163747/my-favorite-paleos/ramesh-ponnuru |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2004/05/newly-dovish-tucker-carlson-goes-publickimmel-writer-ribs-times/|title=Newly Dovish, Tucker Carlson Goes Public…Kimmel Writer Ribs Times|date=May 17, 2004|publisher=}}
99. ^{{cite web|title=Laura Ingraham's Fox News show The Ingraham Angle, reviewed|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/watching_fox/2017/10/31/laura_ingraham_s_fox_news_show_the_ingraham_angle_reviewed.html|date=October 31, 2017|work=Slate}}
100. ^Hunter, Jack, "The Right Democrat", American Conservative, July 28, 2008.
101. ^{{cite news|work=New York Observer|url=http://observer.com/2017/11/infowars-alex-jones-stole-content-from-kremlin-backed-russia-today/|date=November 9, 2017|title=InfoWars’ Alex Jones Stole Over 1,000 Articles From Kremlin-Backed Russia Today}}
102. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/white-nationalist-protesters-exposed-on-social-media/ |title=WSU College Republicans leader steps down after being exposed as white-nationalist protester |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |date=2017-08-14 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US |access-date=2017-08-23}}