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| plural = yes | name = Paracel Islands | image name = Asia - South China Sea - Mui Da Nang to Shen-Ch'uan Chiang including Hai-Nan Tao and Paracel Islands (Paracel Islands cropped).jpg | image caption = Nautical chart of the Paracel Islands | image size = 300px | pushpin map = South China Sea | map caption = Location of the Paracel Islands within the South China Sea | native name = | native name link = | other_names = Xisha Islands Hoang Sa Archipelago West Sand Islands[1] | location = South China Sea | coordinates = {{coord|16|40|N|112|20|E|display=it}}[2] | archipelago = | total islands = Over 30 | major islands = Woody, Rocky, Tree, Money, Robert, Pattle, Triton, Duncan, Lincoln, Drummond | area = 15,000 km2 ocean surface (7.75 km2 land surface) | length = | width = | coastline = {{convert|518|km|mi}} | highest mount = Rocky Island | elevation = {{convert|14|m|ft}} | country = People's Republic of China | country admin divisions title = Prefecture-level city Province | country admin divisions = Sansha[2] Hainan | country 1 claim = People's Republic of China | country 1 claim divisions title = Province | country 1 claim divisions = Hainan | country 2 claim = Republic of China (Taiwan) | country 2 claim divisions title = Municipality | country 2 claim divisions = Kaohsiung | country 3 claim = Vietnam | country 3 claim divisions title = Province | country 3 claim divisions = Da Nang | population = Over 1,000 | population as of = 2014 | density = | ethnic groups = Chinese | additional info = }}{{Infobox Chinese |t = 西沙群島 |s = 西沙群岛 |l = {{nowrap|Western Sandy Archipelago}} |p = Xīshā Qúndǎo |w = Hsi-sha Ch'ün-tao |j = Sai1-saa1 Kwan4-dou2 |hain = Sa-so Kún-tō |vie = Quần đảo Hoàng Sa |hn = {{linktext|群|島|黃|沙}} |pic = }} The Paracel Islands, also known as Xisha in Chinese and Hoàng Sa in Vietnamese, is a group of islands, reefs, banks and other maritime features in the South China Sea. It is controlled, as part of the Sansha Prefecture, Hainan, by the People's Republic of China, and also claimed by Taiwan (Republic of China) and Vietnam. The archipelago includes about 130 small coral islands and reefs, most grouped into the northeast Amphitrite Group or the western Crescent Group. They are distributed over a maritime area of around {{convert|15000|km2}}, with a land area of approximately {{convert|7.75|km2}}. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of China (PRC) and Vietnam; and approximately one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines.[3] It is the home of Dragon Hole, the deepest underwater sinkhole in the world.[4][5] The colonial government of French Indochina set up a weather station on Pattle Island in the Crescent Group in the 1930s.[3] Forces of the Republic of China (RoC) landed on Woody Island in the Amphitrite Group in November 1946 but abandoned it in May 1950. Meanwhile, French and Vietnamese forces landed on Pattle Island in the Crescent Group in January 1947. By 1955 South Vietnam had taken possession of the Crescent Group. This situation changed with the Battle of the Paracel Islands in January 1974 whence the PRC expelled the South Vietnamese from the Paracel Islands. South Vietnam's claim to the islands was inherited by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which has ruled all of Vietnam since 1976.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In July 2012, China (PRC) declared a city named Sansha, under Hainan Province, as administering the area.[6] Turtles and seabirds are native to the islands, which have a hot and humid climate, abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons. The archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and a seabed with potential, but as yet unexplored, oil and gas reserves. In February 2017, the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative reported 20 outposts of the PRC built on reclaimed land in the Paracels, three of which have small harbours capable of berthing naval and commercial ships.[7] Geography
Climate{{Weather box| location = Pattle Island | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 31.3 | Feb record high C = 30.8 | Mar record high C = 33.1 | Apr record high C = 34.3 | May record high C = 35.9 | Jun record high C = 35.9 | Jul record high C = 35.1 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 34.0 | Oct record high C = 34.1 | Nov record high C = 32.8 | Dec record high C = 30.4 |year record high C = 35.9 | Jan high C = 25.7 | Feb high C = 26.7 | Mar high C = 28.5 | Apr high C = 30.6 | May high C = 32.1 | Jun high C = 31.8 | Jul high C = 31.5 | Aug high C = 31.0 | Sep high C = 30.4 | Oct high C = 29.2 | Nov high C = 27.7 | Dec high C = 26.8 |year high C = 29.3 | Jan mean C = 23.2 | Feb mean C = 23.9 | Mar mean C = 25.5 | Apr mean C = 27.5 | May mean C = 29.1 | Jun mean C = 29.2 | Jul mean C = 28.9 | Aug mean C = 28.7 | Sep mean C = 28.0 | Oct mean C = 27.0 | Nov mean C = 25.7 | Dec mean C = 24.9 |year mean C = 26.8 | Jan low C = 21.7 | Feb low C = 22.2 | Mar low C = 23.6 | Apr low C = 25.6 | May low C = 27.1 | Jun low C = 27.4 | Jul low C = 27.1 | Aug low C = 26.8 | Sep low C = 26.1 | Oct low C = 25.3 | Nov low C = 24.4 | Dec low C = 22.9 |year low C = 25.0 | Jan record low C = 14.9 | Feb record low C = 18.1 | Mar record low C = 18.7 | Apr record low C = 19.1 | May record low C = 21.7 | Jun record low C = 23.0 | Jul record low C = 22.4 | Aug record low C = 21.0 | Sep record low C = 21.6 | Oct record low C = 21.2 | Nov record low C = 18.9 | Dec record low C = 13.8 |year record low C = 13.8 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 13 | Feb precipitation mm = 12 | Mar precipitation mm = 23 | Apr precipitation mm = 44 | May precipitation mm = 74 | Jun precipitation mm = 117 | Jul precipitation mm = 225 | Aug precipitation mm = 162 | Sep precipitation mm = 216 | Oct precipitation mm = 241 | Nov precipitation mm = 152 | Dec precipitation mm = 30 |year precipitation mm = 1308 | Jan precipitation days = 7.5 | Feb precipitation days = 5.5 | Mar precipitation days = 4.8 | Apr precipitation days = 2.4 | May precipitation days = 6.7 | Jun precipitation days = 7.1 | Jul precipitation days = 7.8 | Aug precipitation days = 9.0 | Sep precipitation days = 11.4 | Oct precipitation days = 13.3 | Nov precipitation days = 14.0 | Dec precipitation days = 7.9 |year precipitation days = 97.2 | Jan humidity = 80.6 | Feb humidity = 81.6 | Mar humidity = 81.5 | Apr humidity = 81.8 | May humidity = 82.2 | Jun humidity = 84.2 | Jul humidity = 84.6 | Aug humidity = 85.3 | Sep humidity = 85.7 | Oct humidity = 84.5 | Nov humidity = 83.8 | Dec humidity = 81.9 |year humidity = 83.1 | Jan sun = 207 | Feb sun = 226 | Mar sun = 248 | Apr sun = 276 | May sun = 298 | Jun sun = 245 | Jul sun = 238 | Aug sun = 245 | Sep sun = 193 | Oct sun = 223 | Nov sun = 191 | Dec sun = 199 | year sun = 2788 | source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[9] }} Amphitrite groupThe Amphitrite group was named after the French frigate Amphitrite, which observed the islands while carrying a Jesuit mission to Canton in 1698–1700.[10][11][12] Lying in the northeast of the Paracel Islands at {{coord|16|53|N|112|17|E}},[8] the group consists of low narrow islands with sand cays, enclosed shallow lagoons connected by reefs of rock, and is about {{convert|37|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of Lincoln Island. The group approximately forms an ellipse with a north-south axis of {{convert|22|km|0|abbr=on}}. The northern section of the group comprises West Sand, Tree Island and the Qilian Yu sub-group (The "Seven Sisters": North Island, Middle Island, South Island, North Sand, Middle Sand, South Sand and two small "sands".) The centre of the group consists of Woody Island and Rocky Island, approximately {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the southern tip of the eastern extremity of the northern section. The southwest corner of the group is occupied by the Iltis Bank. The largest island of the Paracels, Woody Island (which has an area of {{convert|213|ha|acres|abbr=on}}),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} has over 1,000 residents[13] including fishermen and their families, military personnel and civilian administrators.[14] Crescent groupLying about {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the Amphitrite group, at {{coord|16.5|111.7}}, the Crescent group consists of islands and reefs that form a crescent-like structure from west to east, enclosing a deep central lagoon. The group measures {{convert|31|by|15|km|0|abbr=on}} east-west and north-south. All of the islands in the group support vegetation except on their small cays. The islands are named after former senior figures in the British East India Company (EIC). Three were members of the EIC's 'Select Committee' in Canton: James Drummond, Thomas Pattle and John William Roberts. Jonathan Duncan was Governor in Council of Bombay, and William Taylor Money was Superintendent of the Bombay Marine. Money Island lies at the southwest extremity of the group, and has some small cays on the southern side. The Chinese name for Money Island, Jin Yin Dao, is simply the translation of the English name.Antelope Reef, submerged at high tide and containing a central lagoon, lies {{convert|2.4|km|1|abbr=on}} east of Money Island. Northeast of this are Robert Island (also named Round Island) and Pattle Island, separated from each other by a {{convert|3.5|km|1|abbr=on}} wide deep channel. A weather station was built on Pattle Island (by the French) in 1932, and a lighthouse and radio station in 1937. Northeast of this is Quanfu Dao ("All Wealth Island"). Observation Bank, also named Silver Islet, and the Lesser Silver Islet, are the northernmost of the group and contain a small cay. Just south of them are Yagong Dao (He Duck) and Xianshe Yu (Salty Hut). At the eastern side of the group lies a {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} long boomerang shaped reef with Stone Islet at its north end and Drummond Island at its south end. The Duncan Islands ({{coord|16|27|N|111|43|E}}[8]), consisting of Duncan Island and Palm Island, lie approximately {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Drummond Island and about {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Antelope Reef. Kuangzai Shazhou (Little Basket) lies about halfway between Palm Island and Antelope Reef. Other featuresTaking {{coord|16|40|N|112|20|E}} as the centre of the Paracel Islands, then the Amphitrite Group is ENE, and the Crescent Group is West. Southeast
Eastern sub-group
Northeast
(ENE: Ampitrite group){{coord|16|53|N|112|17|E}}[8]Northwest
(West: Crescent group)Inner southwest
Outer southwest
Central
List of entities{{GeoGroup}}
Satellite imagesEtymologyXisha and other Chinese namesThe Chinese name Xisha ({{lang|zh|西沙}}), literally "western sands" or "shoals", is a name adopted in the 20th century to distinguish it from the "eastern sands" (the Dongsha or Pratas), the "southern sands" (the Nansha or Spratlys), and the "central sands" (the Zhongsha or Macclesfield Bank). Prior to that, there had been no consistent designation of these islands in early Chinese sources, with names such as Changsha, Shitang, Shichuang and others being used for Paracel and Spratly inconsistently.[17] In the 14th century Song Dynasty work Zhu fan zhi by Zhao Rugua, the names Qianli Changsha ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|千|里|長|沙}}}}, {{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "Thousand mile-Long Sands") and Wanli Shichuang ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|萬|里|石|床}}}} {{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "Ten-thousand mile-Rock Bed") were given, interpreted by some to refer to Paracel and Spratly respectively, but opinions differed.[18] The Yuan dynasty work Daoyi Zhilüe by Wang Dayuan considers that Shitang (石塘) to be the same as Wanli Shitang ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|萬|里|石|塘}}}}, {{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "Ten-thousand mile-Rock Embankment"), which starts from Chaozhou and extends to Borneo, west to Côn Sơn Island off Vietnam and down as far as Java.[49] The History of Yuan uses the terms Qizhouyang (七洲洋, "The Ocean of Seven Islands") and Wanli Shitang, which are taken to mean Paracel and Spratly respectively.[19][20] In the Mao Kun map from the Zheng He's voyage of the early 15th century, groups of islands were named as Shitang (石塘), Wansheng Shitangyu (萬生石塘嶼), and Shixing Shitang (石星石塘), with Shitang (sometimes including Wansheng Shitangyu) being taken by some to mean Paracel.[21][22] Another Ming text, Haiyu (On the Sea), uses Wanli Shitang to refer to Paracel and Wanli Changsha for Spratly.[22] During the Qing dynasty, a set of maps refer to Paracel as Qizhouyang (Shitang became Spratly, and Changsha became Zhongsha), while a book Hai Lu (Illustrations of the Sea) refers to Paracel as Changsha and Spratly as Shitang. A sea chart prepared in the Daoguang era, Yiban Lu (Particular Illustrations) by Zheng Guangzu, uses Xisha to refer to Paracel.[23] Xisha became the standard name used in China in the 20th century, and was used in 20th century maps published by the Republic of China, for example in 1935,[24] and the 1947 11-dash line map which claimed Paracel and Spratly as its territories.[25] Hoàng SaThe Vietnamese call the islands Hoang Sa, (黃沙 or Yellow Sands), and this name is found in historic Vietnamese documents dating back to the 15th century.[26] In the modern language system it is written as Hoàng Sa or Cát Vàng. They all have the same meaning — the Yellow Sands or the Yellow Sandbank. Before the early 19th century, the present-day Spratly Islands were treated as features of Hoàng Sa.[27][28] It was not until the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng (1820–1841) that the Spratlys were distinctly delineated and officially named Vạn Lý Trường Sa (萬里長沙), the Ten-thousand League-long Sandbank.[29][30] Pracel and Paracel{{main|Placer (geography)}}The name 'Paracel' is found in the first Portuguese maps of the region. The Portuguese, whose vessels frequented the South China Sea as early as at the beginning of the 16th century, were the first to refer to these islands as 'Ilhas do Pracel' in the 16th century. The Portuguese were later followed by the Dutch, the English, the Spanish, and the French in the waters of the island group. On the "Map of the coast of Tonquin and Cochinchina", made in 1747 by Pierre d'Hondt, the dangerous band of rugged rocks was labeled "Le Paracel", a French phonetic notation. Because of their location on an important seaborne route the Paracel Islands drew much attention from navigators and hydrographers in the Age of Exploration. Disputes in the area since the Second World War have again drawn attention to the islands. On the "Map of Europe, Africa and Asia" published in 1598 by Cornelis Claesz, an unnamed band of rocks and sandbanks are shown near the present-day location of the Paracel and Spratly Islands. About two decades later, the names Pracel and Costa de Pracel (Coast of Pracel) appeared on the Chart of Asia and eight city maps published in 1617 by Willem Jansz Blaeu, a Dutch map maker. The coast belonged to the Kingdom of Cauchi China.[33][34] East India CompanyThe islands were first scientifically surveyed by Daniel Ross of the British East India Company in 1808.[35] The names of Duncan, Drummond, Money, Pattle and Roberts islands were all chosen in honour of senior figures in the East India Company. Infrastructure and natural resources{{refimprove section|date=February 2013}}InfrastructureThe PRC is investing millions in infrastructure and development to support its territorial claims over the archipelago, and as a result there has been, and continues to be, a lot of construction activity. In recent years Woody Island has acquired an upgraded airport, an upgraded sea port, and a city hall. A primary school for children of construction workers and troops stationed there is planned.[36] Fresh waterThere is limited supply of fresh water on the islands. In 2012, it was reported that China (PRC) planned to build a solar-energy-powered desalination plant on the islands.[37] In 2016, it was reported that the first desalination plant was activated.[38] On most of the islands controlled by China in the South China Sea, drinking water comes in barrels together with other supplies from small boats, making it as scarce as fuel. With the activation of a desalination plant on China’s most militarized South China Sea outpost, Beijing improves its troops ability to endure longer during conditions that may have otherwise deprived them of important supplies at sea, including drinking water. In due time, desalination facilities may make their way to China’s artificial islands in the Spratly group. ElectricityBoth wind and solar powered facilities exist to supply electricity on the islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} CommunicationThere is a post office, hospital, bank and hostel on Woody Island.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} The Chinese postal zip code of the island is 572000, and the telephone area code is +86 (898). TransportThere is an airport on Woody Island with a {{convert|2400|m}} long runway, which can handle take-offs and landings of Boeing-737s or planes of similar size. Flight services operate on the Haikou – Xisha route. There are three main roads on Woody Island as well as an {{convert|800|m}} long cement causeway that connects Woody Island and Rocky Island. Extensive port facilities have been constructed on Duncan Island. Ecology and tourismParacel Islands' geographical and ecological traits are often likened as "China’s Maldives", however, controversial conflicts between environment conservation and human activities including military operations, developments, and tourism on Paracel Islands have become public concerns in recent years.[39] Local ecosystem include endangered fish such as whale sharks, oceanic birds, marine mammals (at least historically) such as blue whales, fin whales, and Chinese white dolphins, and marine reptile species such as critically endangered green sea turtles, hawksbill sea turtles, and Leatherback sea turtles;[40] however, direct damaging of the ecosystem by military group and tourists has been documented.[41] Governmental actions to cease illegal tourism are ongoing.[42] The islands have been open for tourists since 1997.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Chinese tourists can take a 20-hour ferry to the Islands, paying up to US$2,000 for a 5-day cruise, and are placed on a long waitlist before being accepted.[43] The BBC article states that "Chinese tourism has strong political implications, as the Chinese tourists are being used as 'foot soldiers of China' by Beijing to further China's territorial claims there". The video also states "Vietnam is considered unlikely to send military vessels to stop them".[43] There are two museums on Woody Island; a Naval Museum and a Maritime Museum. In April 2012, the Vice-Mayor and officials from the Haikou Municipal Government made several announcements about developing new docking facilities and hotels within the Crescent Group - on Duncan and Drummond Islands specifically.[44] Promotion of the naturally unspoilt reef system was cited as the driver for new tourism potential with other such reefs, such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, now placed under threat of extinction due to human activities.[45] However, according to The China Post, this was denied by a PRC Government official in April 2012, due to sensitivities surrounding the islands.[46] Territorial disputes and their historical background{{main|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}China first asserted sovereignty in the modern sense to the South China Sea’s islands when it formally objected to France’s efforts to incorporate them into French Indochina during the 1884–1885 Sino-French war. After the war, France recognized the Paracel and Spratly islands as Chinese territories, in exchange for Chinese recognition of Vietnam as a French territory.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Chinese maps since then have consistently shown China’s claims, first as a solid and then as a dotted line.[47] Between 1881 and 1883 the German navy surveyed the islands continuously for three months each year without seeking the permission of either France or China. No protest was issued by either government and the German government published the results of the survey in 1885.[48] In 1932, France nonetheless formally claimed both the Paracel and Spratly Islands. China and Japan both protested. In 1933, France seized the Paracels and Spratlys, announced their annexation, formally included them in French Indochina, and built a couple of weather stations on them, but did not disturb the numerous Chinese fishermen it found there. In 1941, the Japanese Empire made the Paracel and Spratly islands part of Taiwan, then under its rule. After the communists gained control of China in 1949, they occupied Woody Island, the main island of the Amphitrite group and the only island that was occupied at the time. Pattle Island in the Crescent group, on the other hand, was taken by French Indochina and then controlled by South Vietnam following independence in 1956. Tensions over the islands have continued to rise unceasingly since then.[49] UNCLOS EEZThe Paracel islands are claimed by both China and Vietnam and the majority of those islands lie within 200 NM of China's and Vietnam's geographic baseline.[50] Military engagement{{main|Battle of the Paracel Islands}}In 1974, the political and diplomatic dispute over the islands became an armed conflict between China and South Vietnam. On January 16, South Vietnamese naval officers and an American observer reported to Saigon some suspected military activities of the Chinese navy on the Drummond and Duncan islands. After receiving the report, the government of South Vietnam decided to counter the Chinese forces, to defend the South Vietnamese-controlled section (the western half of the Paracels) from Chinese occupation,[51] and sent a unit of frigates to the area. On January 19, there were sea and land battles between the Chinese and Vietnamese forces with casualties on both sides. At the end, the Chinese fleet defeated the naval force of South Vietnam. With the ongoing civil war with the Viet Cong embroiling South Vietnam's attention and the absence of the USA's support, no military attempt was made to re-engage the PRC over the islands. After the military engagement and the subsequent victory, the PRC gained the entire archipelago and has taken control of Paracel Islands ever since. It was a significant turning point for the PRC but the sovereignty dispute on the islands remains unresolved with Vietnam. Historical perspectivesChina618–1279{{Wikisource|Zh:武經總要/前集/卷二十一#◎廣南東路|武經總要·前集·卷二十一·廣南東路}}There are some Chinese cultural relics in the Paracel islands dating from the Tang and Song eras,[52][53] and there is some evidence of Chinese habitation on the islands during these periods.[54] According to the Wujing Zongyao, a book published in the Northern Song dynasty in 1044, the Song government then included the Islands in the patrol areas of the Navy of the Court.[55] 1279–1368In 1279, the Yuan dynasty emperor sent the high-level official and astronomer, Guo Shoujing, to the South China Sea to survey and measure the islands and the surrounding sea area. Guo's base of survey was located in the Paracel Islands.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} His activities were recorded in the Yuan Shi, or History of Yuan. According to the Yuan Shi, the South China Sea islands were within the boundary of the Yuan dynasty.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Maps published in the Yuan era invariably included the Changsha (the Paracels) and the Shitang (the Spratlys) within the domain of Yuan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} {{Wikisource|Zh:元史/卷162#○史弼|元史·卷一百六十二·列傳第四十九·史弼}}1368–1912Relevant local annals and other historic materials of the Ming (1368–1644) and the Qing (1644–1912) dynasties continued to make reference to the South China Sea islands as China's territory.{{citation needed|reason=contain references to the South China Sea islands as China's territory|date=December 2010}} The Qiongzhou Prefecture (the highest administrative authority in Hainan), exercised jurisdiction over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Paracel and Spratly Islands for part of the year.[56][57] When the Spratlys and Paracels were being surveyed by the German Empire in 1883, China issued protests against them.[58]{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} In 1909, Zhang Renjun ({{zh|links=no |t=張人駿}}), the Viceroy of Liangguang, ordered Guangdong Fleet Admiral Li Zhun ({{lang|zh-hant|李準}}) to sail to the Paracel Islands. In June, with over 170 sailors in three warships named Fubo ({{lang|zh-hant|伏波號}}), Guangjin ({{lang|zh-hant|廣金號}}) and Shenhang ({{lang|zh-hant|琛航號}}), he inspected 15 islands, erected stone tablets engraved with each island's name, raised China's flag and fired cannons to declare the islands "sacred territory of China",[59] which France did not protest.[60] In 1910, the Qing government decided to invite Chinese merchants to contract for the administration of the development affairs of the South China Sea islands, and demanded that officials shall provide protection and maintenance in order to highlight Chinese territory and protect its titles and interests.[61] 1912–1950sAfter the fall of the Qing dynasty, the new Government of Guangdong Province decided to place the Paracel Islands under the jurisdiction of the Ya Xian County of Hainan Prefecture in 1911. The Southern Military Government in 1921 reaffirmed the 1911 decision. China continued to exercise authority over the South China Sea islands by such means as granting licenses or contracts to private Chinese merchants for the development and exploitation of guano and other resources on those islands and protesting against foreign nations' claims, occupations, and other activities. For example, in May 1928, the Guangdong provincial government sent a naval vessel, the Hai-jui ({{lang|zh-hant|海瑞號}}), with an investigation team organized by the provincial government and Sun Yat-Sen University to investigate and survey the islets,[62] after which the investigation team produced a detailed Report of Surveys on the Paracel Islands.[63] On July{{nbsp}}27, 1932, the Chinese Foreign Ministry instructed the Chinese Envoy to France to lodge a diplomatic protest to the French Foreign Ministry and to deny France's claims to the Paracel Islands. On November 30 of the same year, Zhu Zhaoshen, a high-level inspection official of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, issued public correspondence Number 66 to the French Consul in Guangzhou, reiterating that "it is absolutely beyond doubt that the Xisha [Paracel] Islands fall within the boundary of China". Despite repeated Chinese protests, French troops, who had colonized French Indochina in the 19th century, invaded and occupied the Paracel Islands on July 3, 1938. This took place shortly after the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, when the armed forces of China and Japan were busy elsewhere. Three days later, on July 6, the Japanese Foreign Ministry also issued a declaration in protest of the French occupation:{{cite quote|date=June 2014}} {{quote|The statement of Great Britain and France made respectively in 1900 and 1921 already declared that the Xisha [Paracel] Islands were part of the Administrative Prefecture of Hainan Island. Therefore, the current claims made by An'nam or France to the Xisha Islands are totally unjustifiable.}}During the Second World War, the Japanese expelled the French troops and took over the islands in spite of the 1938 declarations. The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered by Japan in 1939. Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan's jurisdiction.[64] The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control after the 1945 surrender of Japan,[99]{{rp|124}} since the Allied powers had assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area.[65] At the end of the war (Asian-Pacific Region), Nationalist China formally retook the Paracels, Spratlys and other islands in the South China Sea in October and November 1946. In the Geneva accord of 1954 Japan formally renounced all of its claims to, inter alia, the South China Sea islands which it had occupied during the World War II.[66] After WW2 ended, the Republic of China was the "most active claimant". The Republic of China then garrisoned Woody Island in the Paracels in 1946 and posted Chinese flags and markers on it; France tried, but failed, to make them leave Woody island.[67] The aim of the Republic of China was to block the French claims.[65][68] In December 1947, the Republic of China drew up a map showing its eleven-dotted line U shaped claim to the entire South China Sea, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands as Chinese territory.[69] Vietnam15th–17th centuries
1700–1799
1800–1899
20th-century events
21st-century events and land reclamation
In response to the Vietnamese move,{{dubious|date=July 2014}}{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Beijing announced the establishment of the prefecture-level city of Sansha covering the Paracel and Spratly Islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} The Philippines and Vietnam promptly lodged diplomatic protests strongly opposing the establishment of the Sansha City under Chinese jurisdiction.[102][103]
According to reports, at the beginning of May 2014, Chinese and Vietnamese naval vessels collided near the islands as Hanoi sought to prevent a Chinese oil rig from setting up in the area.[105] On May 26, a Vietnamese fishing boat sank near the oil rig, after colliding with a Chinese vessel. As both sides imputed the blame to each other, Vietnam released a video footage in a week later, showing a Chinese vessel ramming into its ship before it sank; the Chinese said they were on the defensive while Vietnamese vessels were attacking the Chinese fishing boats.[106]
In popular culture
United States FIPS country codeThe United States FIPS 10-4 country code for the Paracel Islands is PF. See also{{Portal|International relations|Islands}}
Notes1. ^{{Cite book|author=Jones, Gareth Wyn |year=2002|chapter=Provinces|editor=Boland-Crewe, Tara |editor2=Lea, David|title=The Territories of the People's Republic of China |location=London|publisher=Europa Publications|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V3SOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 101]|isbn=978-0-203-40311-2}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/zwgk/mzyw/201206/20120600325063.shtml |script-title=zh:民政部关于国务院批准设立地级三沙市的公告 |publisher=Ministry of Civil Affairs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China) |trans-title=Ministry of Public Affairs Announcement: State Council Ratification on the Establishment of Shashi City |date=21 June 2012 |accessdate=24 July 2014 |language=zh |title=Archived copy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625055300/http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/zwgk/mzyw/201206/20120600325063.shtml# |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pf.html |title= Paracel Islands |work= The World Factbook |publisher= CIA |accessdate= 18 September 2014}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/23/c_135534400.htm |title= China Exclusive: South China Sea "blue hole" declared world's deepest |work= New China |publisher= news.xinhuanet.com |date= 23 July 2016}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/07/26/researchers-just-discovered-the-worlds-deepest-underwater-sinkhole-in-the-south-china-sea/ |title=Researchers just discovered the world's deepest underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea |publisher= Washington Post |date= 26 July 2016 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://english.sina.com/china/2012/0621/479131.html |title= China sets up Sansha City to administer South China Sea islands |publisher= Sina |date=21 June 2012 |accessdate=21 June 2012}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |title=The Paracels: Beijing's Other South China Sea Buildup |url=https://amti.csis.org/paracels-beijings-other-buildup/|website=www.amti.csis.org |publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |date= 8 February 2017 |accessdate=9 February 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite enroute|161|2017|9-11}} 9. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf| archivedate = 22 July 2018| url = http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf| title = Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction| publisher = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology| language = Vietnamese| accessdate = 22 July 2018}} 10. ^J. B. Nicolas-Denis d'Apres de Mannevillett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tBAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA570&dq=d%27Apres+de+Mannevillette+%2B+amphitrite&lr=#PPP5,M1 Instruction sur la navigation des Indes-Orientales et de la Chine, pour servir au Neptune oriental], Chez Demonville, Paris, 1775. Retrieved 6 April 2009. 11. ^Young Men's Catholic Association, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_IDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=jesuit+missionaries+%2B+amphitrite&lr= Catholic progress], Vol. 7, Burns and Oates, London, 1878. Retrieved 6 April 2009. 12. ^Michael Sullivan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8pLhEWdaMvEC&pg=PA54 The meeting of Eastern and Western art], Revised and expanded edition. Retrieved 6 April 2009. 13. ^In June 2014, UK newspaper The Independent stated that Woody Island has a population of 1,443: {{cite news |author= AP |title=China begins building school on Yongxing island - that has disputed ownership with Vietnam |newspaper=The Independent (UK) |date=15 June 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-begins-building-school-on-yongxing-island--that-has-disputed-ownership-with-vietnam-9539028.html }} 14. ^{{Cite web |url= http://news.sohu.com/20120709/n347610921.shtml |script-title=zh:三沙市全国陆地面积最小人口最少 粮食全靠运输 |trans-title= Sansha: Smallest Population Density in China - Completely Reliant on Imported Foodstuffs |publisher= Sohu |date=9 July 2012 |accessdate=24 July 2014|language=zh}} 15. ^This is the maximum height, or for submerged features, the minimum depth, in metres. A height of zero indicates low sandy cays or beaches, reefs that dry at low tide, or similar. Source: 16. ^The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, Appendix 1 China in Southern Island 万生石塘 annotated as the Paracel Islands by J.V.Mills, White Lotus Press {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}} 17. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKXRRfWtkw8C&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation |author=Jianming Shen|editor=Myron H. Nordquist |editor2=John Norton Moore |pages=158–159 |publisher=Brill |year= 1998 |isbn=978-9041110565 }} 18. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKXRRfWtkw8C&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation |author=Jianming Shen|editors=Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore |pages=156–157 |publisher=Brill |year= 1998 |isbn=978-9041110565 }} 19. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKXRRfWtkw8C&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Jianming Shen|title= Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation |editors=Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore |pages=163–164 |publisher=Brill |year= 1998 |isbn=978-9041110565 }} 20. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7MBpmTimxJAC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 1|editor= Frank H. Columbus |pages=3–4 |publisher=Nova Biomedical |date=1 December 1998 |isbn= 978-1560725985 }} 21. ^"{{lang|zh|郑和航海图}}" {{zh-icon}}, cited in The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, {{abbr|App.|Appendix}} 1: "China in Southern Island". White Lotus Press. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}}. 22. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKXRRfWtkw8C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation |author=Jianming Shen|editors=Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore |pages=168–169 |publisher=Brill |year= 1998 |isbn=978-9041110565 }} 23. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKXRRfWtkw8C&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation |author=Jianming Shen|editors=Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore |pages=170–171 |publisher=Brill |year= 1998 |isbn=978-9041110565 }} 24. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzTaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The South China Sea Arbitration: A Chinese Perspective|editors= Stefan Talmon, Bing Bing Jia |page=3 |publisher=Hart Publishing|date= 1 November 2014|isbn= 9781782253754 }} 25. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vOumBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Strategic Regions in 21st Century Power Politics |pages=66–68|editors= Martin Riegl, Jakub Landovský, Irina Valko |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=26 November 2014|isbn= 9781443871341 }} 26. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |author= Tập San Sử Địa |title= Đặc Khảo Hoàng Sa và Trường Sa – A Special Research on Paracel and Spratly Islands |work= Geographical Digest, Vol 29., Saigon, 1974. Reproduced version. |url= http://nguyenthaihocfoundation.org/lichsuVN/tapsansudia29dackhaohoangsatruongsa1.pdf |accessdate= 2009-04-13 }} 27. ^Saxe Bannister, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LFFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=Pracel+%2B+cochin+china&lr=#PPA80,M1 A Journal of the First French Embassy to China, 1698–1700], Thomas Cautley Newby Publisher, 1859. Retrieved 2009-04-25. 28. ^Conrad Malte-Brun, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NkoBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=Pracel+%2B+cochin+china&lr= Universal geography], Vol. 2, John Laval and S.F. Bradford, Philadelphia, 1829. Retrieved 2009-04-25. 29. ^1 2 Phan Huy Chú, The Encyclopedia Lịch Triều Hiến Chương Loại Chí, 1821. Translated into modern Vietnamese from Chinese by Nguyen Tho Duc, Saigon, 1972 30. ^1 Jean Louis, Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum et Latino-Anamiticum, 1838 31. ^[https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA425&dq=diccionario&id=0HUDAAAAYAAJ&hl=es#v=onepage&q=diccionario&f=false Martín Fernández de Navarrete, Diccionario marítimo español, 1831] 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dicio.com.br/parcel/|title=Parcel|publisher=}} 33. ^1 Nguyễn Đại Việt, Paracel and Spratly Islands on Charts and Maps made by Westerners, Hoàng Sa và Trường Sa trên Bản đồ Tây Phương, 2009. 34. ^Henry Yule, Arthur Coke Burnell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&lpg=PA226&dq=%22cauchi-China%22&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q=%22cauchi-China%22&f=false Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary], Published by Wordsworth Editions, 1886. Retrieved on 7-7-2014. 35. ^D. J. Hancox, John Robert Victor Prescott, A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those Islands, IBRU, 1995 36. ^{{Cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27863140 |title = China to build school on disputed Paracel Islands |last = Bristow |first = Michael |date = 16 June 2014 |work = BBC News |accessdate = 3 October 2014}} 37. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NJ26Ad02.html |title=Construction tensions in the South China Sea |date=26 October 2012 |newspaper=Asia Times}} 38. ^https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/south-china-sea-china-activates-first-desalination-plant-on-woody-island/ 39. ^China Insider, 2013, Outcry after Chinese tourists pictured hunting rare sea creatures in disputed Paracel Islands 40. ^{{cite journal|author1=黄晖| author2=董志军 |author3=练健生|title=论西沙群岛珊瑚礁生态系统自然保护区的建立|journal=热 带 地 理 – Tropical Geography |volume=28 |issue=6 |date=November 2008}} 41. ^South China Sea, between the Philippines, Borneo, Vietnam, and China - WWF 42. ^China Insider, 2015, China to crack down on illegal tourism in Paracel Islands 43. ^1 {{Cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29437299 |title = Tourists "used" in China-Vietnam Paracel Islands dispute |last = Ethirajan |first = Anbarasan |date = 1 October 2014 |work = BBC News Newsday |accessdate = 3 October 2014 }} The page contains an interesting video. On completion of the video, the page links to [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27856082 another article], dated 16 June 2014, also containing an interesting video. And so on. 44. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-17865585 |newspaper= BBC News (China) |title= China approves dock project in disputed Paracel islands |date= 27 April 2012 }} 45. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.visithainan.com.au/feature-report/314-paracel-islands-the-new-great-barrier-reef.html |title= Paracel Islands (Paracel Islands - the new Great Barrier Reef) |publisher= VisitHainan.com.au |accessdate= 23 Nov 2014 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140917094345/http://www.visithainan.com.au/feature-report/314-paracel-islands-the-new-great-barrier-reef.html |archivedate= September 17, 2014 |df= mdy-all }} 46. ^{{cite news |title= China official denies plans for Paracel Islands tourism |url= http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/national-news/2012/04/06/336927/China-official.htm |newspaper= The China Post |date= 6 April 2012 }} 47. ^{{cite book|author=Daniel J. Dzurek|title=The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who's on First?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5P4U4UlucMC|year=1996|publisher=IBRU|isbn=978-1-897643-23-5|page=9}} 48. ^François-Xavier Bonnet, Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal. IRASEC, Bangkok. November 2012, Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal{{dead link|date=June 2014}} 49. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BJlADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85&lpg=PT85&dq=After+the+communists+gained+control+of+China+in+1949,+they+occupied+Woody+Island#v=onepage&q=After%20the%20communists%20gained%20control%20of%20China%20in%201949,%20they%20occupied%20Woody%20Island&f=false|title=Great Powers, Grand Strategies: The New Game in the South China Sea|last=Corr|first=Anders|date=2018-01-15|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=9781682472361|language=en}} 50. ^{{cite book|author1=Mark J. Valencia|author2=Jon M. Van Dyke|author3=Noel A. Ludwig|title=Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqOKE2aI5roC|year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1881-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=gqOKE2aI5roC&q=Plate+11#v=onepage&q=200%20baseline&f=false 263]}} 51. ^Thomas J. Cutler, The Battle for the Paracel Islands, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD. Retrieved on 4-24-2009. 52. ^{{Cite journal |title=Briefing Investigation Report of Guangdong Province Xisha Islands' Culture Relics |journal=Culture Relics |date=October 1974 |author=Museum of Guangdong Province |pages=1–29, 95–102 |url=http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=WENW197410000&dbname=CJFQ1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109112052/http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=WENW197410000&dbname=CJFQ1979 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 9, 2009 |accessdate=28 November 2008 |df=mdy-all }} 53. ^Hainan was a part of Guangdong by then. 54. ^{{Cite journal |title=Niangniang Temple and Corallite Little Temple in Paracel and Spratly Islands |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |date=April 1990 |first=Zhenhua |last=Han |author2=LI Jinming |pages=86 |url=http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=LYWT199004009&dbname=CJFQ1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108044849/http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=LYWT199004009&dbname=CJFQ1990 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 8, 2009 |accessdate=28 November 2008 |df=mdy-all }} 55. ^{{Cite web |script-title=zh:我国对西沙南沙群岛主权的历史和法理依据 |trans-title=Chinese Sovereignty Over the Xisha and Nansha Islands - Historic and Legal Basis for the Claim |url=http://xuewen.cnki.net/CJFD-HKGL703.014.html |publisher=CNKI |accessdate=24 July 2014 |language=zh}} 56. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=CNVf9R_L5FAC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Kivimäki 2002], p. 9. 57. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrMXX3CgBMC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false Bateman, Emmers 2008], p. 43. 58. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o5P4U4UlucMC&pg=PA8 |title=The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who's on First?|last=Dzurek|first=Daniel J. |date=1996 |publisher=IBRU |isbn=9781897643235 |language=en}} 59. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Teh-Kuang|date=1991|title=China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1644&context=jil |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law|volume=23|pages=405|via=}} 60. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/paracels-valid-arguments-on-both-sides|title=Paracels: Valid arguments on both sides|last=migration|date=2014-07-11|work=The Straits Times|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en}} 61. ^Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, University of Virginia, "Security flashpoints: oil, islands, sea access and military confrontation", pp. 165–174. 62. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hungdah|first=Chiu|last2=Park|first2=Choon-Ho|date=1975|title=Legal status of the Paracel and Spratly Islands|journal=Ocean Development & International Law|volume=3|pages=1–28|doi=10.1080/00908327509545556}} 63. ^Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, University of Virginia, "Security flashpoints: oil, islands, sea access and military confrontation", pp. 176. 64. ^{{cite book|author=Timo Kivimäki|title=War Or Peace in the South China Sea?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNVf9R_L5FAC|year=2002|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-91114-01-4|page=10}} 65. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=83BIxG7Ig2cC&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false Severino 2011], p. 74. 66. ^Myron H. 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Translated into modern Vietnamese from Chinese by Le Xuan Giao, Saigon, 1972. 73. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Monique Chemillier-Gendreau, Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands, [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA36,M1 p36], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA37,M1 p37], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA69,M1 p68], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA68,M1 p69], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA71,M1 p71], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA72,M1 p72], [https://books.google.com/books?id=58q1SMZbVG0C&pg=PA74&dq=Samuels+%2B+hai+luc#PPA74,M1 p74], p129 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170731/http://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/Sovereignty-over-the-Paracel-and-Spratly-Islands/html/114 |date=July 14, 2014 }}, Kluwer Law International, {{ISBN|90-411-1381-9}}. 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Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagoes and international law 1988 |publisher=Authority of Foreign Information Service of Vietnam |accessdate=August 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313233455/http://www.vietnam.vn/the-hoang-sa-paracel-and-truong-sa-spratly-archipelagoes-and-international-law-1988-c1070n20120102121508750.htm |archivedate=March 13, 2013 }} 94. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/china/AG15Ad01.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140325150303/http://www.atimes.com/china/AG15Ad01.html |archivedate=March 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} STRATFOR's 1999 95. ^http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LG29Ad01.html Sisci 2010 {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130710122041/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LG29Ad01.html |date=July 10, 2013 }} 96. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false Wortzel, Higham 1999], p. 180. 97. ^1 {{cite 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^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/satellite-images-china-manufactures-land-at-new-sites-in-the-paracel-islands/|title=Satellite Images: China Manufactures Land at New Sites in the Paracel Islands|author=Victor Robert Lee|publisher=The Diplomat|date=13 February 2016|accessdate=2016-02-17}} 109. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/aa32a224-480e-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab.html |title=Timeline: South China Sea dispute |date=12 July 2016 |work=Financial Times }} 110. ^{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4400671/philippines-south-china-sea-arbitration-case/?xid=homepage | work=TIME |title=China’s Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision|first=Hannah |last= Beech |date= 11 July 2016}} 111. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21702069-region-and-america-will-now-anxiously-await-chinas-response-un-appointed-tribunal |title=A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China’s claims in the South China Sea|date=12 July 2016 |work=The Economist}} 112. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html?_r=0 |title=Beijing’s South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal |first=Jane|last= Perez |date=12 July 2016 |work=The New York Times }} 113. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-36771749 |title=South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines |date=12 July 2016 |work=BBC }} 114. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1988990/taiwan-controlled-taiping-island-rock-says |title=Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling |date=12 July 2016 |work=South China Morning Post |authors= Jun Mai, Shi Jiangtao}} 115. ^{{cite web|title=UPDATED: Vietnam Responds with Spratly Air Upgrades|url=https://amti.csis.org/vietnam-responds/|website=www.amti.csis.org|publisher=CSIS|accessdate=9 February 2017}} 116. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%A3%8E%E4%BA%91%E3%80%8B|script-title=zh:《南海风云》|trans-title=Storm in the South China Sea|accessdate=24 July 2014|language=zh}} 117. ^{{Cite web|url=http://movie.douban.com/subject/3324365/|script-title=zh:《南海风云》|trans-title=Storm in the South China Sea|publisher=Douban|accessdate=July 24, 2014|language=zh}} ReferencesCitations{{reflist|30em}}Sources
Further reading
External links{{commons|Atlas of the Paracel Islands|Paracel Islands}}
12 : Paracel Islands|Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean|Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia|Maritime Southeast Asia|Disputed islands|Disputed territories in Southeast Asia|Territorial disputes of China|Territorial disputes of the Republic of China|Territorial disputes of Vietnam|Archipelagoes of China|Archipelagoes of Taiwan|Archipelagoes of Vietnam |
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