| 词条 | Paracentesis |
| 释义 |
Name = Paracentesis | Image = File:Blausen 0004 AbdominalParacentesis.png| ICD10 = Illustration depicting Paracentesis| ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|54.91}} | OtherCodes = | MeshID = D019152 |}}Paracentesis (from Greek κεντάω, "to pierce") is a form of body fluid sampling procedure, generally referring to peritoneocentesis (also called laparocentesis or abdominal paracentesis) in which the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a needle to sample peritoneal fluid.[1][2] The procedure is used to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity, particularly if this cannot be achieved with medication. The most common indication is ascites that has developed in people with cirrhosis. IndicationsIt is used for a number of reasons:
For ascitesThe procedure is often performed in a doctor's office or an outpatient clinic. In an expert's hands it is usually very safe, although there is a small risk of infection, excessive bleeding or perforating a loop of bowel. These last two risks can be minimized greatly with the use of ultrasound guidance.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The patient is requested to urinate before the procedure; alternately, a Foley catheter is used to empty the bladder. The patient is positioned in the bed with the head elevated at 45-60 degrees to allow fluid to accumulate in lower abdomen. After cleaning the side of the abdomen with an antiseptic solution, the physician numbs a small area of skin and inserts a large-bore needle with a plastic sheath 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in length to reach the peritoneal (ascitic) fluid. The needle is removed, leaving the plastic sheath to allow drainage of the fluid. The fluid is drained by gravity, a syringe or by connection to a vacuum bottle. Several litres of fluid may be drained during the procedure; however, if more than two litres are to be drained it will usually be done over the course of several treatments.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} After the desired level of drainage is complete, the plastic sheath is removed and the puncture site bandaged.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The plastic sheath can be left in place with a flow control valve and protective dressing if further treatments are expected to be necessary.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} If fluid drainage in cirrhotic ascites is more than 5 litres, patients may receive intravenous serum albumin (25% albumin, 8g/L) to prevent hypotension (low blood pressure).[3] There has been debate as to whether albumin administration confers benefit, but recent reviews report that it can reduce mortality after large volume paracentesis significantly.[3] The procedure generally is not painful and does not require sedation. The patient is usually discharged within several hours following post-procedure observation provided that blood pressure is otherwise normal and the patient experiences no dizziness.[1][4][5] Fluid analysisThe serum-ascites albumin gradient can help determine the cause of the ascites.[3] The ascitic white blood cell count can help determine if the ascites is infected. A count of 250 WBC per ml or higher is considered diagnostic for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Cultures of the fluid can be taken, but the yield is approximately 40% (72-90% if blood culture bottles are used).[3] ContraindicationsMild hematologic abnormalities do not increase the risk of bleeding.[6][7] The risk of bleeding may be increased if:[8]
Absolute contraindication is acute abdomen that requires surgery. Relative contraindications are:{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
References1. ^1 2 {{EMedicine|article|80944|Paracentesis}} 2. ^Farlex dictionary > paracentesis, citing: *Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008*The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007*McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Copyright 2002 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bernardi|first1=Mauro|last2=Caraceni|first2=Paolo|last3=Navickis|first3=Roberta J.|title=Does the evidence support a survival benefit of albumin infusion in patients with cirrhosis undergoing large-volume paracentesis?|journal=Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=11|issue=3|date=28 December 2016|pages=1–2|doi=10.1080/17474124.2017.1275961|pmid=28004601}} 4. ^http://patients.dartmouth-hitchcock.org/gi/paracentesis.html{{full citation needed|date=June 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://apps.med.buffalo.edu/procedures/paracentesis.asp?p=15 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008023032/http://apps.med.buffalo.edu/procedures/paracentesis.asp?p=15 |archivedate=2011-10-08 |df= }}{{full citation needed|date=June 2018}} 6. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.1991.31291142949.x |pmid=1996485 |title=Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities |journal=Transfusion |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=164–71 |year=1991 |last1=McVay |first1=PA |last2=Toy |first2=PT }} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.099580 |pmid=16966752 |pmc=1860002 |title=Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis |journal=Gut |volume=55 |pages=vi1–12 |year=2006 |last1=Moore |first1=K P |last2=Aithal |first2=G. P. }} 8. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMra035021 |pmid=15084697 |title=Management of Cirrhosis and Ascites |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=16 |pages=1646–54 |year=2004 |last1=Ginès |first1=Pere |last2=Cárdenas |first2=Andrés |last3=Arroyo |first3=Vicente |last4=Rodés |first4=Juan }} External links
3 : Digestive system procedures|Abdominal surgical procedures|Veterinary diagnosis |
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