| 词条 | Paradesi Jews |
| 释义 |
|image = |caption = Portrait of David Henriques De Castro, by Gabriel Haim Henriques De Castro (1838-1897) |group = Paradesi Jews |region1 = Israel |pop1 = 700 |region2 = India |pop2 = 52[1] |langs = Initially Ladino, later Judeo-Malayalam, Tamil, now mostly Hebrew & English |rels = Orthodox Judaism |related = Spanish and Portuguese Jews Cochin Jews Sephardic Jews Sephardic Jews in India Luso-Indian De Castro family (Sephardi Jewish) Henriques family }}Paradesi Jews were originally Sephardic immigrants to the Indian subcontinent from Sepharad (Spain and Portugal) during the 15th and 16th centuries who fled conversion or persecution in the wake of the Alhambra Decree expelling Jews from Spain. They are sometimes referred to as White Jews, although that usage is generally considered pejorative or discriminatory and refers to relatively recent Jewish immigrants (end of the 15th century onward), predominantly Sephardim.[2] Paradesi Jews of Cochin traded in spices, are a community of Sephardic Jews settled among the larger Cochin Jewish community located in Kerala, a coastal southern state of India.[2] Paradesi Jews of Madras traded in diamonds, precious stones and corals, they had very good relations with the rulers of Golkonda, they maintained trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke Ladino (i.e. Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned Tamil and Judeo-Malayalam from the Malabar Jews.[3]{{full citation needed|date=May 2016}} History{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|ethnicities}}The East India Company (EIC) wanted to break the monopoly of Portugal in trading with diamonds and precious stones from the mines of Golkonda. The EIC entered India around 1600 and had built Fort St. George (White Town) fortress by 1644[4]{{full citation needed|date=May 2016}} at the coastal city of Madras, now known as Chennai. EIC policy permitted only its shareholders to trade in diamonds and precious stones from the mines. The Company considered the Madras Jews to be interlopers because they traded separately through their Jewish community connections.[5] Madras Jews specialised in diamonds, precious stones and corals.[6] They had very good relations with the rulers of Golkonda and this was seen as beneficial to Fort St. George, so Madras Jews were gradually accepted as honourable citizens of Fort St. George/Madras.[7]{{qn|date=May 2016}} Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia), originally from Amsterdam, was an early Jewish arrival and a leader of the community. He established good relations with those in power and bought several mines. Through his efforts, Jews were permitted to live within Fort St. George.[8] De Paiva died in 1687 after a visit to his mines and was buried in the Jewish cemetery which he had established in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the north Mint Street,[8] alongside the synagogue which also existed at Mint Street.[9] In 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Before his death he established ‘The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam’ with Antonio do Porto, Pedro Pereira and Fernando Mendes Henriques.[8] This enabled more Portuguese Jews, from Leghorn, the Caribbean, London and Amsterdam to settle in Madras.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Coral Merchant Street was name after the Jews' business.[10] Three Portuguese Jews were nominated to be aldermen of Madras Corporation.[11] Three - Bartolomeo Rodrigues, Domingo do Porto and Alvaro da Fonseca - also founded the largest trading house in Madras. The large tomb of Rodrigues, who died in Madras in 1692, became a landmark in Peddanaickenpet but was later destroyed.[12] Samuel de Castro came to Madras from Curaçao and Salomon Franco came from Leghorn.[8][13] Isaac Sardo Abendana (1662–1709), who came from Holland, died in Madras. He was a close friend of Thomas Pitt and may have been responsible for the fortune that Pitt amassed.[8] Portuguese Jews were used as diplomats by the East India Company to expand English trading. Avraham Navarro was the most prominent of these.[14]Paradesi synagogues and cemeteriesThe Paradesi Jews had built three Paradesi Synagogues and Cemeteries. In 1500 the first Paradesi synagogues and cemeteries was built in Coral Merchant Street, George Town, Madras, which had a large presence of Portuguese Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Neither the synagogue nor the Jewish population remains today.[15]In 1568 Second Paradesi Synagogue and Cemetery was built in Cochin-Jew Street, the oldest synagogue in Cochin, adjacent to Mattancherry Palace, Cochin, now part of the Indian city of Ernakulam, on land given to them by the Raja of Kochi.[16]In 1644 Third Paradesi Synagogue and Jewish Cemetery Chennai was built by Jacques (or Jaime) de Paivia in Madras, Peddanaickenpet, which later became the North end of Mint Street,[8] It was demolished by local government in 1934 and the tombstones were moved to the Central Park of Madras along with the gate of the cemetery on which Beit ha-Haim (the usual designation for a Jewish cemetery, literally "House of Life") were written in Hebrew.[17] The tombstones were moved again {{citation needed span|in 1979|date=June 2017}} to Kasimedu, when government school was approved to be built. In 1983, they were moved to Lloyds Road, when the Chennai Harbour expansion project was approved.[9] In this whole process 17 tombstones went missing, including that of Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia).[18]Notable Madras Paradesi Jews
Places named after Madras Paradesi Jews
See also
ReferencesNotes{{notelist}}Citations1. ^Census of India 2001 2. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |editor-first=Orpa |editor-last=Slapak |first=Muzeon |last=Yisra'el |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC |publisher=UPNE |date=1995 |page=28 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 3. ^Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973 4. ^Roberts, J: "History of the World" (Penguin, 1994). 5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FInDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |title=The Alchemy of Empire: Abject Materials and the Technologies of Colonialism |first=Rajani |last=Sudan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-82327-067-5 |page=69 |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/chennai-where-life-is-enshrined-1.27058 |title=Chennai: Where life is enshrined |first=Liz |last=Gill |date=1 September 2011 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 7. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA183 |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |volume=1 |editor-first=S. |editor-last=Muthiah |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-18379-468-8 |page=183 |access-date=6 October 2018}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-portuguese-jews-of-madras/article2252700.ece |date=3 September 2007 |work=The Hindu |title=The Portuguese Jews of Madras |first=S. |last=Muthiah |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |work=The Hindu |title=Will Chennai's Jews be there? |first=S. |last=Muthiah |date=30 September 2002 |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iVSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 |title=Madras Rediscovered |first=S. |last=Muthiah |publisher=Westland |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-38572-477-0 |access-date=6 October 2018}} 12. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lustre-dims-legacy-stays/article5088977.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2013 |title=Lustre dims, legacy stays |first=Anusha |last=Parthasarathy |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/india/chennai.html |title=Chennai |publisher=International Jewish Cemetery Project |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 14. ^{{cite journal |jstor=3622342 |title=Abraham Navarro: Jewish Interpreter and Diplomat in the Service of the English East India Company (1682-1692) |first=Walter J. |last=Fischel |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=25 |year=1956 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/3622342 |subscription=yes}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=coral+merchant+street+chennai&source=bl&ots=m-pyk4RPjN&sig=7e8vVq6hQ87C0cqlpRYCFYNjJJw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2B84U72tH4v8iQfiwoFA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=coral%20merchant%20street%20chennai&f=false |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |editor-first=C. S. |editor-last=Lakshmi |page=30 |isbn=9780143030263 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |access-date=6 October 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/paradeso-synagogue-mattancherry.php |title=Paradesi Synagogue |publisher=Kerala Tourism |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://sefarad.org/lm/041/5.html |title=The Portuguese Jewish Community Of Madras, India, In The Seventeenth Century |publisher=Sefarad.org |first=Mordechai |last=Arbell |accessdate=6 October 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web |first=Janani |last=Sampath |title=Chennai’s link to its Jewish past, cemetery in Mylapore fading into oblivion |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/05/09232326/Chennais-link-to-its-Jewish-past-cemetery-in-Mylapore.vpf |publisher=DT Next |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=6 October 2018}} 19. ^{{cite journal |jstor=3622342 |title= Abraham Navarro: Jewish Interpreter and Diplomat in the Service of the English East India Company (1682-1692) |first=Walter J. |last=Fischel |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=25 |year=1956 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/3622342 |subscription=yes}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/ |title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras |first=N.S. |last=Parthasarathy |access-date=6 October 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%205/readerswrite.html |title=Our Readers Write |access-date=6 October 2018}} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Cochin Jews}}
5 : Ethnic groups in Kerala|Indian Jews|Jewish ethnic groups|Judaism in Kerala|Sephardi Jewish culture in India |
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