词条 | Paraffin wax |
释义 |
| ImageFile = Paraffin.jpg | ImageSize = | ImageAlt = | IUPACName = | OtherNames = | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 8002-74-2 | UNII = I9O0E3H2ZE | PubChem = | SMILES = | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = CnH2n+2 | MolarMass = | Appearance = White solid[1] | Odor = Odorless[1] | Density = ~0.90 g/cm3[1] | MeltingPtC = 37 | BoilingPt = > {{convert|370|C}} | Solubility = ~1 mg/L[1] | Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = | FlashPtC = 200-240 | FlashPt_ref = [1] | AutoignitionPt = }} Paraffin wax is a soft colourless solid, derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately {{convert|37|°C|°F}};[2] its boiling point is >{{convert|370|°C|°F}}.[3] Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; [4] dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons. It is distinct from kerosene and other petroleum products that are sometimes called paraffin.[5]Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white. Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 in Germany{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}, and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.[6] In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. The name is derived from Latin parum ("barely") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity", referring to paraffin's unreactive nature.[7] PropertiesParaffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about {{convert|46|and|68|°C|°F}},[8] and a density of around 900 kg/m3.[9] It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily.[10] Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg. Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm metre.[11] This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics (notably Teflon). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932 experiments to identify the neutron.[12][13] Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g−1 K−1 (joules per gram kelvin) and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g−1.[14] Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the manned missions to the Moon in the early 1970s.[15] Wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes.[16][17] HistoryParaffin wax was first created in 1830 by the German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he tried to develop the means to efficiently separate and refine the waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum. Paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry, because it burned more cleanly and reliably, and was cheaper to manufacture than any other candle fuel. Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point; however, this shortcoming was later remedied by the addition of harder stearic acid. The production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century as a result of the growth of the meatpacking and oil industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts.[6] ManufacturingThe feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil. The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax. The oil is separated by crystallization. Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled. As it cools, wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil. This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent). After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil". The lower the percentage of oil in the wax, the more refined it is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined).[18] The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors. The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration. Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form.[19][20][21] ApplicationsIn industrial applications, it is often useful to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax, typically by adding branching to the existing carbon backbone chain. The modification is usually done with additives, such as EVA copolymers, microcrystalline wax, or forms of polyethylene. The branched properties result in a modified paraffin with a higher viscosity, smaller crystalline structure, and modified functional properties. Pure paraffin wax is rarely used for carving original models for casting metal and other materials in the lost wax process, as it is relatively brittle at room temperature and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when worked. Soft and pliable waxes, like beeswax, may be preferred for such sculpture, but "investment casting waxes," often paraffin-based, are expressly formulated for the purpose. In a pathology laboratory, paraffin wax is used to impregnate tissue prior to sectioning thin samples of tissue. Water is removed from the tissue through ascending strengths of alcohol (75% to absolute) and the tissue is cleared in an organic solvent such as xylene. The tissue is then placed in paraffin wax for a number of hours and then set in a mold with wax to cool and solidify; sections are then cut on a microtome. Other uses
Occupational safetyPeople can be exposed to paraffin in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for paraffin wax fume exposure of 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday.[29] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{GESTIS|ZVG=92540}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Freund |first1=Mihály |last2=Mózes |first2=Gyula |translator=Jakab, E. |title=Paraffin products: properties, technologies, applications |year=1982 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |isbn=978-0-444-99712-8 |ref=harv |page=121}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Paraffin Wax |work=Chemical book |url=http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB2854418_EN.htm |accessdate=25 October 2013}} 4. ^Raw materials and candles production processes, AECM 5. ^nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/35/jresv35n3p219_A1b.pdf 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=History of Candles|url=http://candles.org/history/|website=National Candle Association|accessdate=25 February 2016}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |date=March 2009 |chapter=Paraffin, n|title-link=Oxford English Dictionary }} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Nasser|first=William E|editor=McKetta, John J|title=Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design|volume=67|year=1999|publisher=Marcel Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8247-2618-8|page=17|chapter=Waxes, Natural and Synthetic}} This can vary widely, even outside the quoted range, according to such factors as oil content and crystalline structure. 9. ^{{cite web| last =Kaye| first =George William Clarkson| authorlink =| author2=Laby,Thomas Howell |authorlink2=T. H. Laby | title =Mechanical properties of materials| work =Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants| publisher =National Physical Laboratory| url =http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html| doi =| accessdate=25 October 2013}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Seager|first1=Spencer L.|last2=Slabaugh|first2=Michael|title=Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry|publisher=Cengage|location=Belmont, California|isbn=978-0-538-73332-8|page=364|chapter=Alkane reactions|date=19 January 2010}} 11. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| title =Electrical insulating materials| work =Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants| publisher =National Physical Laboratory| year =1995| url =http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_3.html| doi =| accessdate=25 October 2013}} 12. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| title =Attenuation of fast neutrons: neutron moderation and diffusion| work =Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants| publisher =National Physical Laboratory| url =http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/atomic_and_nuclear_physics/4_7/4_7_3.html| doi =| accessdate=25 October 2013}} 13. ^{{cite book| last =Rhodes| first =Richard| authorlink =Richard Rhodes| title =The Making of the Atomic Bomb| publisher =Simon and Schuster| year =1981| location =New York| page = 163| url =| doi =| isbn =978-0-671-44133-3}} 14. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| title =Specific Heat Capacity| work =Diracdelta.co.uk Science and Engineering Encyclopedia| publisher =Dirac Delta Consultants Ltd, Warwick, England| url =http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/s/p/specific%20heat%20capacity/source.html| doi =| deadurl =yes| accessdate=25 October 2013| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070804192935/http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/s/p/specific%20heat%20capacity/source.html| archivedate =4 August 2007| df =dmy-all}} 15. ^{{cite journal |title=Space Station thermal storage/refrigeration system research and development |last1=Dean |first1=W. G. |last2=Karu |first2=Z. S. |date=February 1993 |bibcode=1993lock.rept.....D |journal=Final Report Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.}} 16. ^Wax-pellet thermostat United States Patent 4948043 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://hermes.material.uu.se/~klas/Paraffin_lab_eng.pdf|title=Paraffin Microactuator|last=Bodén|first=Roger|authorlink=|date=|work=Materials Science Sensors and Actuators|publisher=University of Uppsala|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100013/http://hermes.material.uu.se/~klas/Paraffin_lab_eng.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=25 October 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web |title=Paraffin Wax (Fully Refined) |url=http://www.barasatwax.com/fullyrefined.php |publisher=Barasat Wax Refiner |accessdate=21 December 2012}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Wax Refining |url=http://igiwax.com/reference/wax-refining.html |publisher=The International Group, Inc. |accessdate=21 December 2012}} 20. ^{{cite web |title=Paraffin wax |url=http://bitumenengineering.com/materials/paraffin-wax |publisher=Bitumen Engineering |accessdate=21 December 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web |title=Manufacturing Process |url=http://www.barasatwax.com/mp.php |publisher=Barasat Wax Refiner |accessdate=21 December 2012}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last=Staff|date=Fall 2004|title=Rocket motor uses common household product for fuel|journal=OASIS Ocean Air Space Industry Site|volume=1|issue=3|pages=6|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/69281main_fall.pdf|accessdate=28 November 2008}} 23. ^{{cite web |last1=Tabor |first1=Abigail |title=From Pedicures to the Peregrine Rocket, Paraffin Wax Proves Its Worth |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/from-pedicures-to-the-peregrine-rocket-paraffin-wax-proves-its-worth |website=NASA.gov |accessdate=26 March 2019}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://igiwax.com/igi-products/by-type/microcrystallinewax.html|title=Paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, wax blends - Microcrystalline Wax|work=igiwax.com|accessdate=29 April 2017}} 25. ^{{harv|Freund|Mózes|1982|p=272}} 26. ^{{cite web |last=Dick |first=William B |authorlink= |title=Encyclopedia Of Practical Receipts And Processes |publisher=Dick and Fitzgerald |location=New York |year=1872 |url=http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Encyclopedia-Of-Practical-Receipts-And-Processes/Steel-Part-6.html |accessdate=25 October 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://pds.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewInstrumentProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_ID=MDIS-NAC&INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=MESS |title= Instrument Information |work= NASA |date= 2007 |accessdate= 24 January 2017}} 28. ^{{cite journal|last=Ogden|first=Sam|author2=Klintberg, Lena |author3=Thornell, Greger |author4=Hjort, Klas |author5= Bodén, Roger |title=Review on miniaturized paraffin phase change actuators, valves, and pumps|journal=Microfluidics and Nanofluidics|volume=17|pages=53–71|date=30 November 2013|doi=10.1007/s10404-013-1289-3|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208904}} 29. ^{{Cite web|title = CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Paraffin wax fume|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0477.html|website = cdc.gov|accessdate = 27 November 2015}} External links{{commonscat}}{{Authority control}} 5 : Waxes|Alkanes|Petroleum products|Food additives|E-number additives |
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