| 词条 | Paralegal |
| 释义 |
A paralegal is an individual who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency, or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible. Paralegals perform tasks requiring knowledge of the law and legal procedures, but the exact nature of their work and limitations that the law places on the tasks they are allowed to undertake vary between nations and jurisdictions. A paralegal is not a lawyer but is typically employed by a law office or internal legal department of a company; paralegals are typically not allowed to offer legal services independently in most jurisdictions. Paralegals operate under a form of independent legal ethics, but with few exceptions must also typically conduct their work under the formal supervision of an attorney. In some jurisdictions, paralegals can conduct their own business and are called Law Agents,{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} providing services such as settlements, court filings, legal research and other auxiliary legal services; these tasks often have instructions from a solicitor attached. In the United States, a paralegal is protected from some forms of professional liability under the theory that paralegals are working as an enhancement of an attorney, who takes ultimate responsibility for the supervision of the paralegal's work and their work product. Paralegals often have taken a prescribed series of courses in law and legal processes. Paralegals may analyze and summarize depositions, prepare and answer interrogatories, draft procedural motions and other routine briefs, perform legal research and analysis, draft research memos, and perform case and project management. Paralegals often handle drafting much of the paper work in probate cases, divorce actions, bankruptcies, and investigations. Consumers of legal services are typically billed for the time paralegals spend on their cases. In the United States, they are not authorized by the government or other agency to offer legal services (including legal advice) except in Washington State in the same way as lawyers, nor are they officers of the court, nor are they usually subject to government-sanctioned or court-sanctioned rules of conduct. By contrast, in some jurisdictions (Ontario, Canada, for example) paralegals are licensed and regulated the same way that lawyers are and these licensed professionals may be permitted to provide legal services to the public and appear before certain lower courts and administrative tribunals. Official definitionsVarious professional organizations offer official definitions of a paralegal. These definitions typically have slight differences.
Difference Between Paralegals and Legal SecretariesA legal secretary is generally a secretary who has a basic understanding of legal terminology and the specific formatting required by a particular court or government agency. Legal secretaries are also typically responsible for keeping case files organized and indexed, often taking on the duties of a file clerk. Although legal secretaries may be trained to prepare some basic legal papers and letters, they generally have little or no knowledge of particular legal doctrines, statutes or regulations, and typically have no training or experience in conducting legal research or drafting legal documents, pleadings, motions, briefs or other court papers. On the other hand, a typical paralegal in the United States can perform all of these tasks under an attorney or law office. Paralegals bill for their time at a higher rate than legal secretaries. Education, Training, and CertificationMost paralegals have completed a formal paralegal education program. However, some paralegals have only on-the-job paralegal training. Formal paralegal education programs may result in a certificate, diploma, higher diploma, advanced diploma, associate degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree, or paralegal certificate.[6] Many paralegals have completed all of their training before entering the profession, while others have completed their education while working their way up from the mail-room in a law firm. Many paralegals take Continuing Legal Education (CLE) courses to fulfill the requirements of their firm, state, or association. EconomicsThe paralegal phenomenon is a legal-economics argument in all jurisdictions – they exist precisely because they are not lawyers and thus can do the work much more cheaply.[7] Other than expertise, the main constraint on what work a paralegal can or cannot do tends to be local rules that reserve (i.e. give a monopoly to) particular activities to lawyers. Each jurisdiction tends to have its own "reserved activities list". According to United States law,{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} there are five specific acts which only a licensed attorney can perform:
Beyond the five acts above, the paralegal can perform practically any other task, including legal research, legal writing, factual investigation, preparation of exhibits, and the day-to-day tasks of case management. The key is that attorneys are entirely responsible for the actions of their paralegals, and, by signing and filing court documents drafted by paralegals (or law clerks), attorneys make those documents their own. Trends in usage of paralegalsIn the United States, the need for accredited qualifications and bar licensure limits the number of licensed attorneys. At the same time, there are many legal tasks for which a bar license is unnecessary but some amount of legal training is helpful. In order to lower costs, businesses may choose to employ paralegals to undertake such tasks instead of a more expensive lawyer. Paralegal time is typically billed at only a fraction of what a lawyer charges, and thus to the paralegal has fallen those substantive and procedural tasks which are too complex for legal secretaries (whose time is not billed) but for which lawyers can no longer bill. This in turn makes lawyers more efficient by allowing them to concentrate solely on the substantive legal issues of the case, while paralegals have become the "case managers." The growing demand of paralegal professionals at a very rapid rate has resulted in schools and colleges catering to such education popping up everywhere. It has been found through a survey that currently 50,000 students are enrolled in paralegal education courses. The American Association for Paralegal Education (AAPE) itself has more than 450 members; 260 of them are ABA-approved. Seminars and events are being held by various institutes to help broaden the knowledge base of the paralegal service providers and the importance associated with it. Although the nation is experiencing a recession, the paralegal profession continues to grow. Law firms and legal departments are cutting costs and increasing access to legal services by hiring paralegals. The United Kingdom has gone one step further. Much legal work by lawyers for the poorer elements of society is legally aided, or paid for by the state. As overall costs have risen due to more people than ever engaging with the law, the government has reduced such legal aid. As a result, the work has become uneconomic for many and they have ceased doing it. Paralegal advisory firms are stepping in to fill the gap.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The increased use of paralegals has slowed the rising cost of legal services and serves in some small measure (in combination with contingency fees and insurance) to keep the cost of legal services within the reach of the regular population. However, one commentator has warned that "our profession makes a serious error if it uses legal assistants only as economic tools."[8] Paralegal Medical ConsultantsSome attorneys who practice in fields involving medical care have only a limited knowledge of healthcare and medical concepts and terminology. Therefore, Legal Medical Consultants which are professional physicians, paramedics, nurses and respiratory therapists, have become fully trained as paralegals in the manner described above and assist behind the scenes on these cases, in addition to serving as expert witnesses from time to time. Paralegals by country{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}AustraliaAustralia has a distinct regime for the utilization of paralegals.[9] According to one paralegal studies scholar: {{quote|The legal profession’s monopoly in Australia is, however, confined to the right of appearance in a court of law and to the preparation of certain documents for reward, which leaves a vast field of legal tasks open to performance by other workers, including paralegals.|Jill Irene Cowley[9]}}Furthermore, Australian paralegals have "little formal recognition of, or status accorded" them, yet they "require specialist education."[9] CanadaIn Canada, paralegals (except in Ontario) are generally trained assistants who assist lawyers, and work under the supervision of lawyers. Paralegals are not regulated by legislation (except in Ontario) and are not professionals in their own right.[10] Some provinces (such as British Columbia) allow lawyers to designate certain paralegals to provide additional services to clients. However, lawyers remain fully responsible for all action or omission of the designated paralegals. [11] OntarioIn Ontario, paralegals are licensed by the Law Society of Ontario.[12] Ontario is with Washington State the only jurisdiction in the western hemisphere where paralegals are licensed and the profession is regulated as officers of the court. Licensed paralegals operate within a defined scope of practice, representing clients in matters such as provincial offenses (traffic tickets, etc.), immigration, landlord & tenant disputes, labor law, small claims court (under $25,000), and specific criminal matters. They are currently not permitted to represent clients in family court or wills and estates. By virtue of their office, licensed paralegals are commissioners for taking affidavits (swearing oaths). In the province of Ontario paralegals are a regulated body within the legal system. Paralegals become commissioners upon licensing,[13] and may become non-lawyer notaries, Crown prosecutor, municipal prosecutor or a justice of the peace if appointed. Ontario recently became the first jurisdiction in North America to provide for the licensing of independent paralegals. This task will be the responsibility of the Law Society of Ontario (founded in 1797), which already regulates Ontario's 40,000 or so lawyers. Aspiring paralegals must complete an accredited educational program and complete a licensing exam. The Society will also be responsible for disciplining paralegals who do not conform to rules of professional conduct, known as the Paralegal Rules of Conduct. In Ontario, as of December 2017, licensed paralegals are now endorsed and recognized as officers of the court. [14] The Law Society began issuing the first paralegal licenses to grandparent applicants who fulfilled all the necessary licensing requirements (including insurance) in April 2008.[15] Paralegals who provide legal services to the public must carry professional liability insurance in accordance with By-Law 6, Part II, section 12 (1). Licensees must provide written proof of their compliance with this requirement to carry mandatory insurance before they begin providing legal services, as well as on an annual basis.[15] Paralegal services may be provided via a sole proprietorship, partnership or professional corporation. Licensees are strongly encouraged to seek professional advice on the best business structure for their particular situations.[15] A paralegal license allows a paralegal to independently represent clients in provincial offences court, summary conviction criminal court, small claims court and administrative tribunals such as the Financial Services Commission of Ontario or the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. The role that a paralegal has in the United States is similar to the role of a law clerk or legal assistant in Ontario. Many paralegals in Ontario work in the areas of permitted practice for paralegals and also work alongside lawyers in areas of practice that are only permitted to be practiced by lawyers. It is illegal for paralegals in Ontario to independently practice in an area of law that is permitted only for lawyers. An example of this is family law, or an indictable offence in criminal law. All lawyers and paralegals who practice law and provide legal services in Ontario, are required to complete the CPD program. Continuing professional development (CPD) is the maintenance and enhancement of a lawyer or paralegal's professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and professionalism throughout the individual's career. It is a positive tool that benefits lawyers and paralegals and is an essential component of the commitment they make to the public to practice law or provide legal services competently and ethically.[16] Japan{{Main|Judicial scrivener}}In Japan, the institution of {{nihongo|judicial scrivener|司法書士|shihō shoshi}} exists, and functions similarly to paralegals. Scriveners perform legal work, above the level of secretary but below the level of attorney, and may be attached to an attorney's office or operate independently. Scriveners may represent clients in some low-level matters, but not in more advanced stages of litigation. As with lawyers in Japan, scriveners are regulated and must pass an exam. South AfricaIn South Africa, legal assistants or paralegals must have extensive knowledge of the law and the administration of justice. Their duties may include: liaising with clients of their employers to assist in solving legal problems, legal research, preparing cases for court and liaising with the public. This programme is uniquely designed to impart a comprehensive overview of all aspects of paralegal specialisation and an understanding of individual rights and the rights of others. Paralegal offers the use and application of skills and competencies related to Criminal Law and Procedure, Civil Litigation, Wills and Estates, Dispute Resolution, Legal Advise, Property Law and Conveyancing as well as Legal Office Practice Management and Debt Collecting/Counselling.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} Paralegals in South Africa are hired mostly by Legal Aid South Africa, big corporations, Patent law firms, legal firms, Estate agents, Government Departments etc. to provide legal support to those corporate world. Legal support may be by legal research, investigation/inspectors, legal advice or legal assistance. Certification may be acquired at: Tshwane University of Technology National Diploma in Legal Assistance/Paralegal, University Of Johanesburg Diploma in Paralegal, UNISA National Diploma in Law, South African School of Paralegals, Intec College Diploma in Paralegal, South African Law School Qualification in Paralegal, Damelin College Paralegal, Boston City Campus Paralegal certificate. Salaries range from R60,000 to R450,000 per year depending on experience. Newly established law firms in South Africa are likely to hire qualified Paralegals with 3 year qualification in Legal Studies to provide Legal assistance. Though the South African Law Society and The Minister of Justice do want to come with regulation to guide paralegals in South Africa just like Canada and the USA, many practicing attorneys and Advocates did disprove in many instances however the new legislation is pending.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} South Korea{{Main|Judicial scrivener}}In South Korea a similar system to the Japanese exists, and is known as beopmusa (Hangul: {{lang|ko|법무사}}, Hanja: {{lang|ko|法務士}}). United KingdomEngland and WalesThe original concept of paralegals in the UK started with the Paralegal Association in the mid-1980s (now the National Association of Licensed Paralegals). However the oldest incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK who set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries, issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals is the Institute Of Paralegals. Both the Association and Institute have similar roles in recognizing and registering Paralegals but do not always agree on all the principles of practice{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}. However, it is only recently that paralegals have begun to be seen as more than merely assistants to qualified lawyers. They are now a newly emergent, and increasingly distinct, group of legal professionals. Due to a lack of metrics it is unclear exactly how many paralegals there are in the United Kingdom. The Office of National Statistics and the register of Standard Occupational Classification estimate that there are currently 76,000 mid-skilled “legal associate professionals.” Research published in 2014 by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) predicts that this figure is set to grow by 17% within the next decade.[17] Moreover, it is estimated that there are now almost 4,000 government registered/regulated paralegal advisory firms offering services that would previously have been offered only by lawyers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}This is because most legal work in the United Kingdom is deregulated and therefore there is nothing to stop anyone from opening their own paralegal law firm.[18] As the term ‘paralegal’ is not protected like the term ‘solicitor’ anyone may call himself/herself a paralegal without any qualification or registrations.[19] Professional bodies are lobbying for this to change and the term ‘paralegal’ to become a protected title.[7] Paralegals in England and Wales may only offer limited legal advice, as may any person, with the following exceptions strictly forbidden:
In the United Kingdom, the Solicitors Act 1974[20] reserves certain activities for solicitors. Broadly, these include:
Paralegals technically have very limited rights to conduct litigation/rights of audience before courts/tribunals. In practice though many appear in courts and particularly tribunals at all levels as assistants. Paralegals also act as Police Station Representatives if they are accredited, giving general advice to clients held in police custody. ScotlandScotland has separate legal jurisdiction from the rest of the United Kingdom. The term "paralegal" came into use from the 1980s. There have always been individuals undertaking legal work but not qualified as a solicitor but they would have had other titles such as 'legal assistant'. From the early 1990s the term "paralegal" became more common. In 1993 Scottish Paralegals Association was founded.[21] It is a voluntary body whose remit is to promote the interests of paralegals in Scotland. From 1991 Scotland's colleges began to offer paralegal qualifications, awarded by the Scottish Qualification Authority, namely the Higher National Diploma and Certificate in Legal Services. They were offered by Central College of Commerce, Stevenson College and Dundee College. As a result of the efforts of the Scottish Paralegal Association and in particular its president Christine Lambie, in 2010 the Law Society of Scotland, the solicitors' professional body, instituted the Law Society of Scotland Registered Paralegal scheme. This was a voluntary scheme providing a professional status for high quality paralegals. Around 400 paralegals, mainly individuals who had come through the ranks in legal firms, joined the scheme. From 2010 Scottish Qualification Authority and Stirling University offered qualifications for individuals wishing to enter the Registered Paralegal profession. Paralegals qualify in particular legal domains, e.g., Domestic Conveyancing; and Wills & Executries. In 2017 the name of the scheme was changed to Law Society of Scotland Accredited Paralegal scheme.[22] Professional societiesThe largest number of paralegals in the UK are represented by the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEx). Unlike other paralegal bodies CILEx is an Approved Regulator, meaning all its members are independently regulated in the public interest and must comply with a code of conduct, including all its paralegal members. CILEx is also the only body that provides paralegals with a limited progression route to lawyer status. CILEx provides a non-University route to qualification as a non-qualified lawyer, with the majority of its members learning on-the-job and working as paralegals. It is open to those with or without law degrees, and allows paralegals to progress through to ultimately become fully qualified lawyers, partners, advocates, coroners and judges, subject to achieving the correct level of qualifications, skills, and experience. Since 1994 City and Guilds, in association with CILEx, has offered the UK's leading range of nationally and internationally approved qualifications for paralegals and legal secretaries, which have been taken by over 20,000 people. They offer a Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies qualification. This provides the underpinning knowledge which will help in day-to-day work and will also allows progression onto the CILEx route to becoming a lawyer. The qualification is divided into units and is assessed by way of assignments and a multiple-choice test. A Level 3 Diploma in Vocational Paralegal Studies qualification is also available, and this is equivalent to A-level standard. The qualification is divided into units and again, is assessed by way of assignments. The qualifications are also recognized by the CILEx as a route into their membership grades. The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) administer a Route to Qualification: the nationally recognized career path for professional paralegals. They also set and administer Competency Standards for paralegals and legal secretaries. The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) are:
NALP (National Association of Licensed Paralegals) is an awarding body for paralegal qualifications, recognized as an awarding organisation by Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications in England and Wales. NALP offers self-regulation and Licensing for paralegals in England & Wales. NALP's objective is to raise the profile of paralegals in the UK and has dedicated itself to the promoting the status of paralegals and paralegal training in the United Kingdom and abroad. NALP offers affordable accessible training and qualifications at all levels. NALP is a not for profit company limited by guarantee. There are various levels of certification and membership according to the level of training, qualification and experience. To become a Licensed Paralegal a person should have an acceptable qualification in law, e.g., the Association's Diploma in Paralegal Studies, ILEX, Law Degree or HND (plus a procedural law qualification) or any other qualification deemed suitable, and who can satisfy the other criteria laid down by the Association namely: knowledge, competence, dedication, character requirements and continuous professional development. NALPs mission is to re-enforce and increase its position as the leading professional organisation catering for the career paralegal not only within the legal profession but also within commerce, industry and the private and public sectors and will strive to ensure the proper recognition of its members as an integral part of the legal profession by the quality of its qualifications, professional development and the standards of behavior and its regulatory powers laid down for its members. It will encourage, promote and develop the role and practice of the paralegal and represent the best interests of its members. The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) is an incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK. A not-for-profit organisation, they set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries, issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals. The National Association of Licensed Paralegals(NALP) was established in 1987 and is the professional self-regulatory governing body for accredited paralegals. Access into the profession can either be with a law degree or without. Those who are already graduates can take The Post Graduate Diploma in Paralegal Practice (PPC) (similar to the LPC for solicitors). Those that have no previous qualification can do the Diploma in Paralegal Studies. The NALP is an awarding body regulated by OFQUAL and is also a member of the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (based in the US). As a not-for-profit professional body incorporated by guarantee, they were formed in 2003. They were granted institute status by the UK government in 2005, with the support of, among others, The Law Society of England & Wales, the Bar Council, Citizens Advice and the Crown Prosecution Service, all of whom recognized the need for the developing paralegal profession to have a representative body.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} IOP offer: The Registered Paralegal, Certified Paralegal and Qualified Paralegal designations and believe these are not a 'licence to practice' as a paralegal. IOP state: "There is no such as a 'licensing scheme' operating in England and Wales. Anyone implying otherwise (i.e. that you need to do a particular course to qualify) is misrepresenting the position. You become a paralegal simply by getting a job as a paralegal. The majority of paralegals still do not have any formal legal qualifications. The only paralegals needing prior permission before practicing are paralegal law firms or paralegal sole practitioners who come under the remit of the Ministry of Justice Or Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner." The National Association of Licensed Paralegals is working to improve recognition for paralegals and has done so for nearly 24 years, having introduced qualifications and standards and self-regulation to the profession and is recognized by The Law Society of England as the professional body for paralegals in England & Wales. SalaryIn the United Kingdom paralegal salaries in law firms can range from around £15,000 in some rural or suburban areas[23] but may reach as high as £60 – £80,000 for the most senior in the larger city firms and some PLCs. A paralegal can also work as a freelance offering their services to solicitors performing tasks such assisting Counsel at court and taking notes in court and presenting applications to District Judges in chambers. They can be paid on a daily or hourly rate earning up to £60 – £260 per day. United StatesIn the United States, paralegals originated as assistants to lawyers at a time when only lawyers offered legal services. In those jurisdictions where the local legal profession/judiciary is involved in paralegal recognition/accreditation, the profession of paralegal still basically refers to those people working under the direct supervision of a lawyer. The profession of paralegal varies greatly between the states, because some states do require paralegals to be licensed. In other jurisdictions however, such as the United Kingdom, the lack of local legal profession/judiciary oversight means that the definition of paralegal encompasses non-lawyers doing legal work, regardless of whom they do it for. Although most jurisdictions recognize paralegals to a greater or lesser extent, there is no international consistency as to definition, job-role, status, terms and conditions of employment, training, regulation or anything else and so each jurisdiction must be looked at individually. In the United States, there is no such thing as a paralegal licensed by a government body; rather, paralegals can be "registered," "certified," or certificated by private organizations. There are two major national organizations that offer professional certification to paralegals who meet voluntary regulation standards: the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) established in 1976[24] and the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) established in 1996.[25] Both NALA and the NFPA offer professional certification exams that should not be confused with a paralegal certificate offered by an officially accredited college or university. NALA offers its Certified Legal Assistant or Certified Paralegal examination, a comprehensive two-day examination that covers the following subjects: Communications, Ethics, Legal Research, Judgment and Analytical Ability, American Legal System and four sub-sections selected by the applicants from a list of nine substantive areas of the law. These sub-section tests cover general knowledge of the following practice areas: Administrative Law, Bankruptcy, Business Organizations, Civil Litigation, Contracts, Criminal Law and Procedure, Estate, Planning and Probate, Family Law and Real Estate. After successful completion of the examination, NALA awards the paralegal the "CLA" (Certified Legal Assistant) or "CP" (Certified Paralegal) designation. Both the "CLA" and "CP" designations are proprietary trademarks owned by NALA. Paralegals who have attained further education and received a paralegal certificate are referred to as "Certificated" unless they have passed the examination and have been awarded the "Certified" designation. Additionally, those paralegals who receive the "Certified Paralegal" designation then have the opportunity to earn the "Advanced Certified Paralegal" designation. There is a 45 to 50 percent pass rate for persons taking the NALA exams.[26] The NFPA offers its non-accredited Paralegal Advanced Competency Exam, which is a four-hour exam on a variety of legal topics; those who pass that exam can call themselves PACE-Registered Paralegals and display the "RP" designation.[27] NFPA’s core purpose is to advance the paralegal profession and is committed to the profession’s Code of Ethics. Some states have considered the licensure of paralegals. Whether paralegals should be licensed or certified is one of the most important issues for paralegals today. Difference between paralegals and lawyersThe greatest differences between lawyers and paralegals are that lawyers give legal advice, can set fees, appear as counsel of record in court, and sign pleadings (and other court documents) in a representative capacity. A paralegal who attempts to do any of these acts will be in violation of the unauthorized practice of law statutes in most U.S. states. Paralegals are responsible for handling tasks such as legal writing, research, and other forms of documentation for the lawyers for whom they work. Penalties for unauthorized practiceParalegals are restrained from exercising independence and prohibited from providing even basic legal advice to consumers of legal advice. In her book, Access to Justice, Stanford law professor Deborah Rhode states: "Over four-fifths of surveyed attorneys have supported prosecution of lay practitioners, and the profession has repeatedly blocked licensing proposals that would enable independent paralegals to offer routine services. Many local, state and national bar associations have recently launched initiatives to broaden the definition, raise the penalties, and increase the enforcement of unauthorized practice prohibitions."[28] In some areas, legal document assistants actually advertise themselves as paralegals. Many states, including Florida, have enacted laws or bar rules which require any person referring to himself or herself as a paralegal to work under the supervision of a licensed attorney.[29] This rule would prohibit those individuals working as "independent paralegals" from using the title "paralegal". SalaryIn the United States, as of May 2012, the median annual salary for a paralegal was US$46,990. Paralegals working for the U.S. federal government average around $65,000 per year while state and local government paralegals earn around $45,000 to $50,000.[30] HistoryParalegals have been used in the United States for almost 50 years. A law firm in Los Angeles used a paralegal to prepare Estate Planning Documents such as Will and Trusts beginning in 1969.[31] Paralegal DaySeveral state governments have designated a "Paralegal Day", which is not the same day everywhere, in particular New York's governor David Paterson,[32][33][34] Michigan's governor Jennifer M. Granholm,[35] South Carolina, Idaho's governor James E. Risch[36] and the Texas Legislature[37] have designated Paralegal Day in their respective states. California, Connecticut, Ohio,[38] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania[39] and Utah also have a Paralegal Day.[40][41][42] Paralegal Service or Document PreparersThere are a variety of services available to the general public depending on the State of residence. These companies have been known as Paralegal Services until they were required to change their names. These companies are now typically known to the general public as Court Document Preparers or Court Forms Providers. The State of Florida has numerous companies that prepare court documents for a variety of issues, such as Divorce, Bankruptcy, Paternity, Custody, Modification of Child Support, Name Change, Wills, Power of Attorney, Quit Claim Deeds, etc. If you do not have the ability to remedy your situation because of the high cost fees of any attorney a Court Document Preparer can save thousands of dollars. Such document preparers, however, frequently come under the scrutiny of various state bar organizations by overstepping the basic document preparation and engaging in what could be considered "unauthorized practice of law." Such document preparation is indeed cost-saving for those who truly want to represent themselves in a legal matter, but want to pay someone to create the required documents. If problems arise in the legal case, however, the person who hired the paralegal service needs to understand that there is typically no legal liability on the part of the paralegal service and that such institutions cannot be sued for legal malpractice. Again, the philosophy is that the person utilizing such service is representing himself or herself in all legal matters and merely hiring a document preparer. CaliforniaIn California, under Business and Professions Code § 6450, a paralegal must have at least one of the following:
Up until Business and Professions Code § 6450 was signed into law by Governor Gray Davis in 2000, there was little regulation of paralegals in California. One of the purposes of regulation under Business and Professions Code § 6450 was to shut down the paralegals who were providing self-help legal services to consumers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} There had been relatively few consumer complaints against paralegals; instead most of the complaints were from lawyers who urged the California State Bar to police the unauthorized practice of law (UPL).{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} In response, the State Bar appointed a Public Protection Committee to look at the L.A. bar's claim. Then, "in 1988, the Public Protection Committee unanimously recommended that the California legislature completely abolish the state's UPL laws. It further concluded that independent paralegals should be allowed to provide all types of legal services as long as they are registered with a state agency and disclose their non-lawyer status to all customers." After many local bar associations reacted in dismay, "The California Bar then appointed a third group (The Commission on Legal Technicians) to restudy the issue. This commission largely agreed with the conclusions of its predecessors and recommended that non-lawyers be authorized by the California Supreme Court to deliver legal services in several major areas (bankruptcy, family, immigration, and landlord-tenant), under the terms of a licensing scheme that would be supervised by an independent state agency."[44] This development culminated in some paralegals being forced to give up the title paralegal for Legal Document Assistant (LDA) in order to administer legal services directly to the public in the allowed areas under California Bus & Prof. Code § 6400. Paralegals who are members of professional associations are also bound by those associations' codes of ethics many of which include sections prescribing that members not offer legal services directly to the public without the supervision of an attorney or law firm.[45] Paralegals in popular cultureUnlike nurses and physician assistants, paralegals have not caught the popular imagination and rarely are seen or mentioned in fictional or non-fiction legal television programs, or in legal fiction in print. There are however exceptions. The most famous is probably Erin Brockovich, a real legal clerk whose participation in a toxic tort case became a major motion picture. In the movie Eagle Eye (2008) starring Shia LaBeouf and Michelle Monaghan, Monaghan plays a single mom who works as a paralegal.[46] Another notable exception is the character Della Street, from the Perry Mason novel, television and movie series. Although Mason identifies Della as "my confidential secretary", the projects he assigns her are entirely consistent with the law office work performed by experienced paralegals. Allison DuBois, the lead character in Medium played by Patricia Arquette, was in training to become a paralegal in addition to her consultation work with the Phoenix, Arizona District Attorney's office. John Grisham includes many paralegals in his novels; for example, Rudy Baylor (the main character in The Rainmaker) works briefly as a paralegal – and his associate Deck Shifflet subsequently becomes Rudy's paralegal when he starts his own firm. (although he terms himself a 'paralawyer') Attorney at Law, an esoteric cartoon comedy, features a paralegal in the form of Avenger, Harvey Birdman's eagle, who is usually seen managing files, preparing and presenting documents to the attorneys, and drafting letters to clients. Avenger will usually accompany the charismatic, yet often under-prepared, Birdman into court, and whisper case information and advice into his ear. Despite not knowing English, he is by far the most competent employee of Sebben & Sebben. FX's The Riches in which Doug Rich, a con-artist played by Eddie Izzard, impersonates a lawyer at a cutthroat real estate development company. Rich's apparent lack of legal knowledge is often compensated by Aubrey McDonald, a highly skilled paralegal who manages to help guide the under-educated anti-hero through more than a few sticky situations. USA Network's "Suits" features a young paralegal named Rachel, played by Meghan Markle, who greatly assists a young aspiring lawyer with various research and otherwise. She is a highly respected member of the firm and is considered to be of help to many of her co-workers. Rachel's desire one day to become a lawyer is one of the major stories of the series. As paralegal, she lives between a lot of appreciation for her hard work and a constant reminder (going both from herself and other people) that she's not a "real" lawyer at the end. In Eoin Colfer's book The Supernaturalists, paralegals are lawyers that double as mercenaries to apprehend and then prosecute offenders for the person, or more common, company who hired them. In the musical Dear Evan Hansen, Evan Hansen's mother, Heidi, is studying to become a paralegal. A few current and former paralegals have also ventured into politics, including Amanda Reeve (Arizona State Legislature) and Michael Strautmanis (friend of 44th president of The United States Barack Obama and former member of White House Staff).[47] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paralegals.org/ |title=NFPA web site |publisher=Paralegals.org |accessdate=2011-11-23}} 2. ^NALA web site 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nals.org/?page_id=26 |title=NALS.org: About NALS |publisher=NALS.org |accessdate=2012-02-13}} 4. ^AAfPE web site {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615183105/http://www.aafpe.org/p_about/whatis.htm |date=June 15, 2006 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paralegalsociety.on.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:what-is-a-paralegal&catid=2:faqs&Itemid=107 |title=What is a paralegal? |publisher=Paralegalsociety.on.ca |date=2008-02-29 |accessdate=2011-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827175243/http://www.paralegalsociety.on.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:what-is-a-paralegal&catid=2:faqs&Itemid=107 |archivedate=2011-08-27 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paralegalcertificates.org/training/ |title=Paralegal Training: paralegalcertificates.org |accessdate=2013-03-18}} 7. ^Non-attorneys, including paralegals, can appear in a representative capacity in many types of administrative hearings (that is, hearings held by administrative agencies located within the executive branch, as opposed to courts formally organized as part of the judiciary). 8. ^{{cite book| last = T. Brodrick, Jr| first = John| editor=Arthur G. Greene| title = Leveraging with Legal Assistants (Chapter 7: "An Emerging Model: Legal Assistant as Colleague")| publisher = American Bar Association| year = 1993| location = Chicago| pages =| isbn = 0-89707-897-7}} 9. ^1 2 Jill Irene Cowley, A comparative study of paralegalism in Australia, the United States of America, and England and Wales, Thesis for Southern Cross University (Lismore, NSW, Australia 2004). Found at Southern Cross University website. Accessed August 26, 2010. 10. ^[https://law.usask.ca/documents/research/deans-forum/10_Non-LawyerLegalServices_PolicyDiscussion_2015DeansForum.pdf A discussion paper on introducing paralegals into the Saskatchewan legal market] 11. ^LSBC discontinues ‘paralegals in court’ pilot 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca|title=The Law Society of Upper Canada|work=lsuc.on.ca}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Commissioner for Taking Affidavit and Non-Lawyer Notaries|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/courts/notary_public/default.asp|website=Attorney General of Ontario|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 14. ^ http://www.lawsocietygazette.ca/paralegal-update/paralegals-officers-of-the-court/ 15. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/jsp/paralegal/QandA.jsp#1 |title=Paralegal Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Rc.lsuc.on.ca |accessdate=2011-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083639/http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/jsp/paralegal/QandA.jsp#1 |archivedate=2011-11-03 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/jsp/cpd/cpdFAQ.jsp |title=CPD Requirement – Continuing Professional Development |publisher=Rc.lsuc.on.ca |accessdate=2011-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425202549/http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/jsp/cpd/cpdFAQ.jsp |archivedate=2011-04-25 |df= }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/content/paralegal-conundrum|title=The paralegal conundrum – New Law Journal|website=www.newlawjournal.co.uk}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theiop.org/careers/your-own-firm.html|title=Institute of Paralegals – Your Own Firm?|website=www.theiop.org}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://fremont.edu/what-is-a-paralegal/|title=What is a Paralegal? - What Does a Paralegal Do? {{!}} Fremont College|last=|first=|date=|website=fremont.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=54&NavFrom=2&activeTextDocId=2188768 |title=Statutelaw.gov.uk |publisher=Statutelaw.gov.uk |accessdate=2011-11-23}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scottish-paralegal.org.uk|title=Scottish Paralegal Association - Scottish Paralegal Association|website=www.scottish-paralegal.org.uk}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lawscot.org.uk/members/membership-and-fees/categories-and-fees/accredited-paralegals/|title=Accredited Paralegals - Law Society of Scotland|website=Law Society of Scotland}} 23. ^1 2 Paralegal purgatory {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015851/http://l2b.thelawyer.com/training-paralegal-purgatory/3017068.article |date=2014-04-19 }} Lawyer 2B, 2014-03-24 24. ^http://www.nala.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145543/http://www.nala.org/ |date=2012-03-09 }} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paralegals.org|title=National Federation of Paralegal Associations|work=paralegals.org}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paralegalcertificateprograms.com/tips.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-03-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313202516/http://www.paralegalcertificateprograms.com/tips.html |archivedate=2011-03-13 |df= }} 27. ^{{cite book|last=Miller |first=Roger |author2=Mary Meinzinger Urisko |year=2007 |title=West's paralegal today |isbn=1-4180-5032-6 |publisher=Delmar Learning |location=Albany, N.Y. |oclc=84737349 |pages=2, 8–9}} 28. ^See Access to Justice, Oxford: University Press (2004), at 88. 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.floridabar.org/divexe/rrtfb.nsf/FV/B8F1801F71B62CE9852573E5005497A9 |title=Section 20-2.1, Rules Regulating the Florida Bar |publisher=Floridabar.org |accessdate=2011-11-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928172833/http://www.floridabar.org/divexe/rrtfb.nsf/FV/B8F1801F71B62CE9852573E5005497A9 |archivedate=2011-09-28 |df= }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes232011.htm |title=Paralegals and Legal Assistants |accessdate=2014-01-31 |work=Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=2013-03-29}} 31. ^personal experience-I was a paralegal at that firm from 1970-1971. 32. ^June 20, 2008, see Paralegal Day Proclamation from New York state government website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109204150/http://www.state.ny.us/governor/keydocs/proclamations/proc_paralegal.html |date=2009-01-09 }}. Accessed September 4, 2008. 33. ^Joel Irving, "Paralegal Day in New York", found at New York Paralegal website. Accessed September 4, 2008. 34. ^Western New York Paralegals Association official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118140306/http://www.wnyparalegals.org/vbbs/showthread.php?t=652 |date=2009-01-18 }}. Accessed September 4, 2008. 35. ^May 3, 2005, as "Legal Assistant/Paralegal Day in Michigan", see Michigan state government website. Accessed September 4, 2008. 36. ^September 12, 2006, see Idaho state government website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110165209/http://gov.idaho.gov/mediacenter/proc/proc06/procsept/proc_paralegal.html |date=2008-11-10 }}. Accessed September 4, 2008. 37. ^October 23, 2005, see Texas Paralegal Day Proclamation from Texas state government website. Accessed September 4, 2008. 38. ^see {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420071216/http://www.pacoparalegals.org/statewidealliance.htm|date=April 20, 2009}} 39. ^https://www.pghparalegals.org/assets/2018%20pa%20paralegal%20day.pdf 40. ^California Alliance of Paralegal Association official website. PDF file. Accessed September 4, 2008. 41. ^Utah Bar Association official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201204227/http://webster.utahbar.org/barjournal/2008/03/paralegal_division.html |date=2008-12-01 }}. PDF file. Accessed September 4, 2008. 42. ^May 18, 2009 – Paralegal Day in Ohio per Ted Strickland, Governor 43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=bpc&group=06001-07000&file=6450-6456 |title=Business and Professions Code Section 6450-6456 |publisher=Official California Legislative Information |accessdate=July 23, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503130111/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=bpc&group=06001-07000&file=6450-6456 |archivedate=May 3, 2009 |df= }} 44. ^See Ralph Warner, The Independent Paralegal’s Handbook, California: Nolo (2004), pages 278 & 279. 45. ^See NALA Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility" (Canon 2 "A paralegal may perform any task which is properly delegated and supervised by an attorney…"); the NFPA "Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility" (1.8: "A Paralegal Shall Not Engage In The Unauthorized Practice of Law"); and NALS "Code of Ethics & Professional Responsibility" (Canon 7: Members of this association, unless permitted by law, shall not perform paralegal functions except under the direct supervision of a lawyer"). 46. ^Brian Craig, Paralegals and Legal Assistants in Film and Television; Community.globeuniversity.edu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803140659/http://community.globeuniversity.edu/paralegal/?p=93 |date=2009-08-03 }} 47. ^Brian craig, Current and Former Paralegals Involved in Politics, available at: {{cite web |url=http://community.globeuniversity.edu/paralegal/?p=211 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090441/http://community.globeuniversity.edu/paralegal/?p=211 |archivedate=2011-02-03 |df= }} External links
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