1. Symptoms

2. Diagnosis

3. Prevention and Awareness

4. Treatment

5. History

6. Misconceptions
     Dissociative Identity Disorder    Paranoia vs. Paranoid Schizophrenia  

7. See also

8. References

9. Further reading

10. External links

Although paranoid schizophrenia is defined by those two symptoms, it is also defined by a lack of certain symptoms (negative symptoms). The following symptoms are not prominent: “disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior and flat or inappropriate affect.”^[4] Those symptoms are present in another form of schizophrenia, disorganized-type schizophrenia. The criteria for diagnosing paranoid schizophrenia must be present from at least one to six months.^[4] This helps to differentiate schizophrenia from other mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder.^[4]

Paranoid schizophrenia is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 4th Edition, but was dropped from the 5th Edition in 2013 along with the other four subtypes of schizophrenia (disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual).^[6] The five subtypes of schizophrenia were eliminated from the DSM by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) due to the lack of clear distinction between the subtypes and low validity.^[7] Targeted treatment and treatment response vary from patient to patient, depending on his or her symptoms. It is more beneficial, therefore, to look at the severity of the symptoms when considering treatment options.

Symptoms

Paranoid schizophrenia manifests itself in an array of symptoms. Common symptoms for paranoid schizophrenia include auditory hallucinations (hearing voices or sound effects) and paranoid delusions (believing everyone is out to cause the sufferer harm).^[3] However, two of the symptoms separate this form of schizophrenia from other forms.

One criterion for separating paranoid schizophrenia from other types is delusion. A delusion is a belief that is held strongly even when the evidence shows otherwise. Some common delusions associated with paranoid schizophrenia include, “believing that the government is monitoring every move you make, or that a co-worker is poisoning your lunch."^[3] In all but rare cases, these beliefs are irrational, and can cause the person holding them to behave abnormally. Another frequent type of delusion is a delusion of grandeur, or the “fixed, false belief that one possesses superior qualities such as genius, fame, omnipotence, or wealth."^[8]{{ums|date=November 2017}} Common ones include “the belief that you can fly, that you're famous, or that you have a relationship with a famous person."^[3]

Another criterion present in patients with paranoid schizophrenia is auditory hallucinations, in which the person hears voices or sounds that are not really present. The patient will sometimes hear multiple voices and the voices can either be talking to the patient or to one another.^[3] These voices can influence the patient to behave in a particular manner. Researchers at the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research provide the following description: “They [the voices] may make ongoing criticisms of what you’re thinking or doing, or make cruel comments about your real or imagined faults. Voices may also command you to do things that can be harmful to yourself or to others."^[3] A patient exhibiting these auditory hallucinations may be observed "talking to them" because the person believes that the voices represent people who are present.

Early diagnosis is critical for the successful treatment of schizophrenia.

Diagnosis

According to the DSM-5, in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia an individual must express at least two of the common symptoms for a minimum of six months. Symptoms include but are not limited to delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.^[7] As previously stated, the DSM no longer recognizes any distinct subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid schizophrenia due to their lack of validity.^[6] In previous editions of the DSM, paranoid schizophrenia was differentiated by the presence of hallucinations and delusions involving the perception of persecution or grandiosity in one's beliefs about the world.^[9] With the removal of the subtypes of schizophrenia in the DSM-5, paranoid schizophrenia will no longer be used as a diagnostic category. If a person experiences symptoms of schizophrenia, including symptoms previously associated with paranoid schizophrenia, they will simply be diagnosed with schizophrenia and be treated accordingly.^[6]

Prevention and Awareness

According to the Mayo Clinic, it is best to start receiving treatment for paranoid schizophrenia as early as possible and to maintain the treatment throughout life.^[10] Continuing treatment will help keep the serious symptoms under control and allow the person to lead a more fulfilling life. While the illness is typically not preventable it is important to recognize the disorder and begin treatment as soon as possible. Some common signs to be aware of are changes in mood, lack of motivation, irregular sleep, and disorganized behavior.^[11]

It has a strong hereditary component with a first degree parent or sibling. There is some possibility that there are environmental influences including "prenatal exposure to a viral infection, low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth), exposure to a virus during infancy, early parental loss or separation, and verbal, physical or sexual abuse in childhood".^[12] Eliminating any of these factors could help reduce an individual's future risk of developing paranoid schizophrenia.

A group at high risk for being diagnosed with schizophrenia is the homeless population. Some studies indicate that as much as twenty percent of the homeless population is suffering from schizophrenia.^[13] A large portion of those suffering will go undiagnosed and untreated.

Treatment

Paranoid schizophrenia is an illness that typically requires lifelong treatment with neuroleptics or 5-HT2A antagonists to allow someone to have a relatively stable and normal lifestyle.^[14] In order to be successfully treated, a person with schizophrenia should seek help from family or primary care doctors, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, pharmacists, family members, case workers, psychiatric nurses, or social workers,^[14] provided he or she is not unable to do so, due to many people with schizophrenia having the inability to accept their condition. Non-compliance with neuroleptics may also occur if the patient considers the side effects (such as extrapyramidal symptoms) to be more debilitating than the condition itself.^[15] The main options that are offered for the treatment of paranoid schizophrenia are the following: neuroleptics, psychotherapy, hospitalization, electroconvulsive therapy, and vocational skills training.^[14]

There are many different types of disorders that have symptoms similar to those of paranoid schizophrenia. There are tests that psychiatrists perform to achieve a correct diagnosis. They include "psychiatric evaluation, in which the doctor or psychiatrist will ask a series of questions about the patient's symptoms, psychiatric history, and family history of mental health problems; medical history and exam, in which the doctor will ask about one's personal and family health history and will also perform a complete physical examination to check for medical issues that could be causing or contributing to the problem; laboratory tests in which the doctor will order simple blood and urine tests can rule out other medical causes of symptoms".^[12]

There are side effects associated with antipsychotic medication. Neuroleptics can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol.^[14] Many people who take them exhibit weight gain and have a higher risk of developing diabetes.^[14]

History

Since the early 19th century, schizophrenia has been recognized as a psychiatric disorder. It was described in 1878 by Emil Kraepelin as dementia praecox, or the premature deterioration of the brain. He identified four types: simple, paranoid, hebephrenic and catatonic, based on how they presented clinically. He classified patients presenting with simple dementia praecox as exhibiting slow social decline, apathy, and withdrawal. Patients that were classified as having paranoid dementia praecox exhibited a high amount fear and persecutory delusions. The hebephrenic type was described as being "silly." Finally, the catatonic type were those with increased motor symptoms (increased muscle tone and perseverance of posture). His definition of schizophrenia was primarliy define by early onset rather than deterioration.^[16] During Kraepelin's time, very few people were diagnosed with dementia praecox due to the small range of symptoms recognized specifically as signs of this disorder. In 1908, Eugen Bleuler found that schizophrenia was less definitive than Kraepelin believed and that it could rang some severe to mild cases.^[16] He then used this information and coined the term schizophrenia, which literally means "split mind".

Bleuler thought that the disorder could be split into cases that were beneficial or harmful and acute or chronic. Furthermore, he defined four main characteristics associated with the disease, commonly referred to as "the four As." The characteristics were as follows: autism (preoccupation with internal stimuli), affect (may present as blunt or inappropriate in social situations), associations (may have illogical or fragmented thought processes), and ambivalence (contradictory thinking). This categorization was accepted widely in the Unites States for most of the 20th century, as Bleuler's hypothesis was more broad than Kraepelin's and included many other assumed mental processes. In Europe, however, Kurt Schneider made a five rank system in 1959 to be intended for practical use. In other words, he used his system to rely on physical presentations and symptoms, rather than mental assumptions. Eventually, the broad diagnosis of schizophrenia was narrowed to a set of specific types of symptoms that were necessary in order to diagnose the disorder, and was also split into several different types: paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic (each with its own specific symptoms), along with undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia, which are a combination or very few residual symptoms of schizophrenia.^[16]

During World War II, the Nazi Party attempted to eradicate schizophrenia by compulsory sterilization and the killing of psychiatric patients.^[17]

As of 2013, with the publication of the new DSM-5, the different subtypes of schizophrenia are no longer specified or differentiated from schizophrenia in the manual. Instead, schizophrenia is viewed as one mental disorder with an array of different symptoms. Treatment for people suffering from schizophrenia is based on the type of symptoms that are exhibited in each individual case.^[18]

As of 2018, the ICD-11 uses the following criteria as basis for diagnosis of schizophrenia:

"Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in multiple mental modalities, including thinking (e.g., delusions, disorganization in the form of thought), perception (e.g., hallucinations), self-experience (e.g., the experience that one's feelings, impulses, thoughts, or behaviour are under the control of an external force), cognition (e.g., impaired attention, verbal memory, and social cognition), volition (e.g., loss of motivation), affect (e.g., blunted emotional expression), and behaviour (e.g.,behaviour that appears bizarre or purposeless, unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses that interfere with the organization of behaviour). Psychomotor disturbances, including catatonia, may be present. Persistent delusions, persistent hallucinations, thought disorder, and experiences of influence, passivity, or control are considered core symptoms. Symptoms must have persisted for at least one month in order for a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be assigned. The symptoms are not a manifestation of another health condition (e.g., a brain tumour) and are not due to the effect of a substance or medication on the central nervous system (e.g., corticosteroids), including withdrawal (e.g., alcohol withdrawal)."^[19]

Misconceptions

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Schizophrenia is often confused or associated with dissociative identity disorder (DID), a separate psychiatric condition associated with childhood trauma or abuse.^[20] DID, previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is described and classified in the DSM-5 and has a complete and distinct set of symptoms, causes, and treatments.^[20] Confusion between schizophrenia and DID may arise due to some of the shared symptoms such as hallucinations, mood swings, and anxiety.^[20] Further confusion regarding DID and schizophrenia may stem from the controversial nature of DID. Large portions{{Weasel inline|date=March 2019}} of the psychological community maintain that DID is not a bona fide, distinguishable disorder.^[21]{{Failed verification|date=March 2019}} Despite concerns surrounding the legitimacy of DID, it remained in the newest version of the DSM and is still diagnosed by some physicians.^[22]

Paranoia vs. Paranoid Schizophrenia

While paranoia is an inherent symptom of paranoid schizophrenia, not everyone who experiences it has paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoia may be symptomatic of other conditions such as paranoid personality disorder,^[23] delusional disorder,^[24] Alzheimer's Disease, or Parkinson's Disease. An individual may also experience paranoia due to drug use, a sleep deficit, or even the environment.^[25] Treatment for paranoia is not always the same as treatment for paranoid schizophrenia. While patients with paranoid schizophrenia are almost always advised to take prescription medication, paranoia is treated in a myriad of ways depending on the severity and origination.^[26]  

See also

• Basic symptoms of schizophrenia
• Catatonia
• Causes of schizophrenia
• Disorganized schizophrenia
• Daniel Paul Schreber, a case of "dementia praecox"
• Diagnosis of schizophrenia
• Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
• List of people with schizophrenia
• Mechanisms of schizophrenia
• Pediatric schizophrenia
• Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
• Religion and schizophrenia
• Schizoaffective disorder
• Simple-type schizophrenia

References

Further reading

• Case, Jenifer R. & Case, Donn T. Milestones and Avenues: A Story of Loss and Recovery: A biographical account of living with paranoid schizophrenia (2006)
• Kraepelin, Emil Paranoidal Forms of Dementia praecox [Paranoid Schizophrenia] (HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY) (1906)
• Miller, Carolyn. Straight From the Heart: A Mother Battles Paranoid Schizophrenia, and a Girl Struggles to Grow Up (2006)
• Parker, James N. & Parker, Philip M. Paranoid Schizophrenia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References (2004)
• {{cite book |title= In The Grip of Paranoid Schizophrenia: One Man's Metamorphosis Through Psychosis |last= Podsobinski |first= Larry | year= 2007 |publisher=Lulu |isbn= 978-1430322313 }}
• Zucker, Luise J. Ego Structure in Paranoid Schizophrenia: A New Method of Evaluating Projective Material (1958)

External links

• Patient UK - Schizophrenia
• Paranoid Schizophrenia ICD-10

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