“Pareve”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In kashrut, the dietary laws of Judaism, pareve (from Yiddish פאַרעוו for "neutral", in Hebrew {{Hebrew|פרווה}}, and also parve and other variant English spellings) is a classification of edible substances that contain neither dairy nor meat ingredients. Food in this category includes all items that grow from the ground (fruits, vegetables, grains, etc.), fish, eggs, and non-biological edible items (such as water and salt). Kashrut forbids consuming mixtures of milk and meat, consuming milk and meat at the same meal, consuming dairy foods within a period of time after consuming meat (the period varies by custom), and using the same dishes for both dairy and meat. Pareve foods, being neutral, can be consumed with either dairy or meat.

While fish is pareve, the Talmud warns not to consume fish mixed with meat, and the custom is not to eat both on the same plate.^[1] A less common practice is to refrain from eating fish with dairy.

Eggs that have been laid by a chicken are considered pareve because they are separate from the animal. But eggs found inside a chicken after its slaughter are considered to be part of the animal and therefore have the status of meat. Commercially marketed eggs generally are not taken from slaughtered animals and therefore are pareve.^[2]

Kashrut requires that common bread must be made pareve because bread is a staple food, and there is a strong chance one may forget that the bread contains dairy or meat ingredients. Bread need not be made pareve if it is made in an unusual shape or consumed on the same day it is made.^[3] Even vegetarians are required to refrain from baking non-pareve bread because kashrut applies equally to all Jews.^[3]

Food that contains only pareve ingredients but that comes in contact with dairy or meat dishes in the home or that is manufactured on equipment also used to manufacture dairy or meat equipment maintains the status of pareve, and may be consumed after eating dairy or meat. However, if such contact is made, it may only be consumed on dairy or meat dishes respectively.^[4] Some commercial products that are pareve but have been manufactured on dairy equipment bear the letters DE after the hechscher to let the consumer know the product cannot be consumed together with meat. Still, such an item can be consumed after a meat meal.^[5]

While kosher households generally have two sets of dishes, one for dairy and another for meat, some kosher households also include a third set of pareve dishes, or at least cooking utensils, in order to enable pareve foods to be prepared and then later served with either dairy or meat meals.^[5]

Pareve in commercial production

Due to the restrictions in Jewish law forbidding combining milk and meat, many food items marketed to kosher consumers are made pareve, thereby modifying traditional recipes and allowing the item to be consumed either with dairy or meat. Common ingredients used as substitutes for either dairy or meat ingredients include soy and tofu, palm and coconut oils, and various vegetables. Meat analogues are used to replace real meat in recipes, and soy cheese to replace real cheese.^[7] Some meat analogues (such as those made by Morningstar Farms) include dairy.

The laws of marit ayin forbid eating a pareve food that appears dairy together with meat or vice versa. However, with the wide commercial availability of such pareve imitations of both dairy and meat foods, today this is permitted.^[5]

Margarine is commonly used in place of butter, thereby enabling baked goods to be made pareve. In 2008, a shortage of kosher for Passover margarine made it difficult for kosher consumers to prepare pareve recipes.

Pareve and vegetarianism

The word "pareve" on a food label may imply the product is suitable for vegetarians or vegans, but this is not always true. Fish and fish products, like fish gelatin, are pareve, but in general not vegetarian and never vegan (but would be consumed by pescetarians). Honey, egg and egg products, like mayonnaise and albumen, are pareve and vegetarian but not vegan.

Some processes convert a meat or dairy product into a pareve (neither meat nor dairy) one.{{clarify|date=January 2017}} For example, rennet is sometimes made from stomach linings, yet is acceptable for making kosher cheese,^[8] but such cheeses might not be acceptable to some vegetarians, who would eat only cheese made from a vegetarian rennet.

Likewise, some products bearing a vegan certification label do not have the status in halakha as pareve due to incidental contact with dairy ingredients or utensils that render the item dairy, while still qualifying by the vegan certification as containing no animal products.

Pareve and allergies

Those allergic to dairy foods may assume items labeled as "pareve" to be dairy-free, though this is not always the case. Kashrut has procedures by which equipment can be cleaned of its previous non-kosher use, but that might be inadequate for those with allergies, vegetarians, or adherents to other religious statutes. For example, dairy manufacturing equipment can be cleaned well enough that the rabbis grant pareve status to products manufactured with it. Nevertheless, someone with a strong allergic sensitivity to dairy products might still react to the dairy residue, and that is why some products that are legitimately pareve carry "milk" warnings. The general rule on such matters is that an item accidentally containing dairy ingredients could be considered pareve if the dairy is present in a fraction of less than 1/60 (1.67%) of the total.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Furthermore, in commercial pareve food production supervising agencies often try to be stricter than that. However, people with allergies can be sensitive to far lower concentrations of such ingredients — even parts-per-million concentrations — and therefore may not be able to rely on a pareve marking.^[9]

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Posner |first=Menachem |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/815625/jewish/Is-lox-and-cream-cheese-kosher.htm |title=May fish be consumed with dairy? - Is lox and cream cheese kosher? - Kosher |website=Chabad.org |date= |accessdate=2017-02-28}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_eggs.htm|title=Eggs - Pareve - Keeping Kosher|website=Judaism.about.com|date=2016-03-27|accessdate=2017-02-28}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/Dairy%20Bread.htm|title=Dairy Bread|website=Koltorah.org|date=2002-05-11|accessdate=2017-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905190429/http://www.koltorah.org/ravj/Dairy%20Bread.htm|archivedate=2016-09-05|deadurl=yes|df=}}
4. ^Kosher Food Production By Zushe Yosef Blech, page 201
5. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-kosher-cons-handbk.htm|title=View All The Kashrus Kurrents Articles |website=Star-k.org|accessdate=2017-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222072841/http://www.star-k.org/kashrus-kurrents/|archivedate=2017-02-22|deadurl=yes|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://oukosher.org/blog/consumer-kosher/gelatin-revisited/|author=Cohen, Dovid|title=Gelatiun Revisited|accessdate=2012-12-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221211811/http://oukosher.org/index.php/common/article/5467|archivedate=2012-12-21|df=}}
7. ^1,000 Jewish Recipes By Faye Levy
8. ^Blech, Zushe. "The rennet must be kosher, either microbial or from special productions of animal rennet using kosher calf stomachs."Dairy Primer Oukosher.org.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306151416/http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2828/|date=2012-03-06}}, Retrieved August 10, 2005.
9. ^{{cite web|author=Smolensky, Simcha|url=http://www.crcweb.org/kosher_articles/parve.php|title=cRc Kosher Articles - Is Pareve Really Pareve?|website=Crcweb.org |accessdate=2018-04-27}}

Pareve in commercial production

Pareve and vegetarianism

Pareve and allergies

References

External links