“Bahraini art”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The modern Bahraini art movement emerged in the 1950s, with the establishment of an Arts and Literature club in 1952. The club served as an umbrella group for professional and amateur artists, musicians, and actors in Bahrain.^[1] In 1956, the first art exhibition was held in the Bahraini capital, Manama. Expressionism and surrealism, as well as calligraphic art are the popular forms of art in the country. Abstract expressionism has gained popularity in recent decades.^[1]

History

In 1983, the Bahrain Arts Society was founded when a group of 34 Bahraini artists approached the government and asked for a non-profit cultural organisation to be established.^[2] The society hosted multiple exhibitions in and out of the country and offered training in the arts of sculpting, pottery, Arabic calligraphy, painting, interior designing and photography.^[1] Most Bahraini artists in the 20th century were trained in Cairo or Baghdad, the cultural art capitals of the Arab world.^[1] It was in this period that expressionism and surrealism became widely popular in the country. Arabic calligraphy grew in popularity as the Bahraini government was an active patron in Islamic art, culminating in the establishment of an Islamic museum, Beit Al Quran.^[1] The Bahrain National Museum houses a permanent contemporary art exhibition.^[3]

Architecture

Traditional Bahraini architecture is similar to that of its neighbours. Though the centuries-old forts in Bahrain resemble the same architectural style as in other forts in the Persian Gulf region, the domestic architecture in the country is unique in the region.{{sfn|Lewcock|2012|p=485}} The wind tower, which generates natural ventilation in a house, is a common site on old buildings, particularly in the old districts of Manama and Muharraq.^[4]

A traditional Bahraini house was made up of a series of pavilions around a courtyard. Traditionally, houses had two courtyards (though sometimes only one); one would host the reception of men and the other would be for private living use. The house's rooms were organised in terms of seasonal migration, with the important pavilions for living and hosting receptions having a counterpart on the roof to capture summer breezes and redirect it into the pavilion.{{sfn|Lewcock|2012|p=486}} The lower rooms of the house would have thick walls, allowing them to be utilised during the cool winter months. To combat the intense heat during the summer months, a framework of coral rubble piers with spaces filled with large panels of coral rocks were erected. The light-weight and porous coral is lined with a coat of lime and gypsum, and this causes warm air to be trapped in the spaces during the day.{{sfn|Lewcock|2012|p=486}} Hundreds of buildings with this feature were built in Bahrain but virtually none currently function, with most not being repaired or serviced in several decades. A disadvantage of the coral used is that its core is made from clay, as a mortar, and dissolves easily thus causing cracks to develop in the walls during rainy weather, compromising the structure's stability and requiring yearly maintenance.{{sfn|Lewcock|2012|p=487}}

Following independence and the oil boom of the 1970s, Western-style office buildings were built in the financial districts of Manama, particularly in the Diplomatic Area.^[5]

Crafts

Throughout the country's history, crafts such as potteries, sculptures and metal embroideries, particularly from copper or gold, were widely produced alongside traditionally made baskets woven from palm tree leaves in the villages outside Manama, notably Karbabad and Jasra.^[6]

Pottery

Pottery estimated to date from the Dilmun civilisation era in the fifth and fourth millennium BC were discovered in northern Bahrain, particularly but not exclusively in the Bahrain fort excavation site and in the Dilmun Burial Mounds. Though Mesopotamian, later potteries discovered indicated that they were created in Bahrain.^[7] Comparative analysis suggests that the locally made pottery was produced at a centralized location using materials derived from a single source.^[8] The earliest potteries on the island date to 2300 BC.^[9]

Potteries are still made traditionally in, particularly A'ali village which utilises the mud from the nearby flats in Riffa. The pottery is made using a mixture of mud and water that is placed on a revolving wheel operated by an artisan, where in the artisan would use his hands to modify the shape of the pottery as needed. After the needed shape was obtained, the pottery is left outside to dry and harden.^[10]

Galleries

Bahraini artists

Further reading

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 2|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=019530991X|pages=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&lpg=PA253&dq=Bahrain%20art&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q=Bahrain%20art&f=false}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Bahrain Arts Society – History|url=http://www.bahartsociety.org.bh/history.html|accessdate=14 July 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Fattouh|first=Mayssa|title=Bahrain's Art and Culture Scenes|url=http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2009/bahrain_art_scene/|publisher=Nafas|accessdate=22 July 2012}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Aldosari|first=Ali|title=Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa|year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|pages=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&lpg=PA39&dq=Bahraini%20art&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=Bahraini%20art&f=false}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Mika|title=Architecture in Bahrain|url=http://www.bahrainguide.org/BG1/architecture.html|publisher=Bahrain Guide|accessdate=11 July 2013}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Whelan|first=John|title=Bahrain: A MEED Practical Guide|year=1983|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780950521176|pages=92, 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoQOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|title=Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521586795|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BevKadehakC&lpg=PA4&dq=dilmun%20pottery%20bahrain&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=dilmun%20pottery%20bahrain&f=false}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4980/|title=Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power in the Bronze Age: A Characterization Study of Ceramics from Bronze Age Sites in Kuwait (Graduate thesis)|publisher=University of South Florida|author=Hasan Ashkanani|year=2014|accessdate=21 July 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|last=D'Cruz|first=Archie|title=Feats of Clay|url=http://www.bahrainguide.org/BG3/pottery.html|publisher=Bahrain Guide|accessdate=10 July 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Pottery in Bahrain|url=http://mosaicbahrain.com/fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:pottery-in-bahrain&catid=34:demo-category|publisher=Mosaic|accessdate=10 July 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Bahrain Art Galleries & Artists|url=http://www.clickbahrain.com/clickbahrain_art.asp|publisher=Click Bahrain|accessdate=14 July 2012}}
12. ^¹{{cite web|last=Amaya-Akkermans|first=Arie|title=Introduction to the Gulf Art World|url=http://gulfartguide.com/g/GAG-Essay.pdf|publisher=Gulf Art Guide|accessdate=20 March 2013|pages=51}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Al Riwaq Art Space|url=http://www.alriwaqartspace.com/|accessdate=14 July 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Nadine Gallery|url=http://www.nadinegallery.com|accessdate=14 July 2012}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Report: Bahrain 2008|year=2008|publisher=Oxford Business Group|pages=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHmo2jjjb2AC&lpg=PA230&dq=Bahrain%20art&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=Bahrain%20art&f=false}}
16. ^{{cite web|last=Al-Rashid |first=Omar |title=About page |url=http://www.omaralrashid.com/eng_about.html |work=biography |accessdate=16 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201356/http://www.omaralrashid.com/eng_about.html |archivedate=16 March 2014 |df=dmy }}