| 词条 | Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 |
| 释义 |
| name = Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 | long_name = | image = KingParisPeace1946.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_alt = | caption = Canadian representatives at the Paris Peace Conference, Palais du Luxembourg. (L.-r.:) Norman Robertson, Rt. Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Hon. Brooke Claxton, Arnold Heeney | type = Multilateral Treaties | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|1947|2|10}} | location_signed = Paris, France | date_sealed = | date_effective = | condition_effective = | date_expiration = | date_expiry = | mediators = | negotiators = | original_signatories = UK, USA, Soviet Union, France, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland | signatories = | parties = | ratifiers = U.K., Soviet Union, USA, France, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland | depositor = | depositories = | citations = | language = | languages = | wikisource = | wikisource1 = | footnotes = }}{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}} The Paris Peace Treaties ({{lang-fr|Traités de Paris}}) were signed on 10 February 1947, as the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, held from 29 July to 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with Italy, the minor Axis powers (Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria), and Finland, following the end of World War II in 1945. The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations. The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of war reparations, commitment to minority rights and territorial adjustments including the end of the Italian Colonial Empire in Africa, Greece, and Albania, as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, Hungarian-Romanian, French–Italian, and Soviet–Finnish borders. Political clausesThe political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting." No penalties were to be visited on nationals because of wartime partisanship for the Allies. Each government undertook measures to prevent the resurgence of fascist organizations or any others "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights". Border changesItalyItaly lost Italian Libya and Italian East Africa. The latter consisted of Italian Ethiopia, Italian Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland (Italy continued to govern the former Italian Somaliland as a UN trust territory until 1960). In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of Albania (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939). Italy also lost its concession in Tianjin, which was turned over to China. The Dodecanese Islands were ceded to Greece. Italy had to cede all islands in the eastern Adriatic and most of Istria, including the provinces of Fiume, Zara, and most of Gorizia and Pola to Yugoslavia. The rest of the province of Pola, as well as the province of Trieste, became a new sovereign State (Free Territory of Trieste) under a provisional regime of Government [1] for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible.[2] Trieste officially returned to Italy with the Treaty of Osimo in 1975. The border with France was only slightly modified in favor of France, mostly in uninhabited Alpine areas (except for the Tende valley and La Brigue) thus de facto remaining the same of 1860. Italian diplomats were able to maintain Aosta Valley despite the territorial demands of France and Alto Adige despite the territorial demands of Austria (thanks to the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement signed some months before). Italy avoided the occupation of the country, a fate that Germany and Japan shared, but its territorial losses included areas that had been part of the country before the advent of the Fascist regime in 1922 ( e.g. Libya and Dodecanese, which were conquered in 1911-12; East Gorizia, Istria, Adriatic Islands, and Zara, annexed in 1919). FinlandFinland was restored to the borders of 1 January 1941 (thus confirming the territorial losses after the Winter War), except for the former province of Petsamo, which was ceded to the Soviet Union. In Finland, the reparations and the dictated border adjustment were perceived as a major injustice and a betrayal by the Western powers, after the sympathy Finland had received from the West during the Soviet-initiated Winter War of 1939–1940. However, this sympathy had been eroded by Finland's pragmatist collaboration with Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1944. During this time, Finland not only recaptured territory it had lost in 1940, but continued its offensive deeper into Soviet lands, occupying a broad strip of Soviet territory. This prompted the United Kingdom to declare war on Finland in December 1941, further weakening political support in the West for the country. The Soviet Union's accessions of Finnish territory was based on the Moscow Armistice signed in Moscow on 19 September 1944 and resulted in an extension of the accessions in the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War. HungaryHungary was restored to its borders before 1938. This meant restoring the southern border with Yugoslavia, as well as declaring the First and Second Vienna Awards null and void, cancelling Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia and Romania. Furthermore, three villages (namely Horvátújfalu, Oroszvár, and Dunacsún) situated south of Bratislava were also transferred to Czechoslovakia. RomaniaRomania was restored to the borders of 1 January 1941, with the exception of the border with Hungary giving Northern Transylvania back to Romania. This confirmed the 1940 loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and the Treaty of Craiova, which returned Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. BulgariaBulgaria was restored to the borders of 1 January 1941, returning Vardar Macedonia to Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace to Greece, but keeping Southern Dobruja per the Treaty of Craiova, leaving Bulgaria as the only former Axis power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War. War reparationsThe war reparation problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the most sympathetic of the former enemy states. (Bulgaria was part of the Axis but did not declare war on the Soviet Union). In the cases of Romania and Hungary, the reparation terms as set forth in their armistices were relatively high and were not revised. War reparations at 1938 prices, in United States dollar amounts:
AftermathThe dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia did not lead to any renegotiation of the Paris Peace Treaties. However, in 1990 Finland unilaterally cancelled the restrictions the treaty had placed on its military.[3] See also
References1. ^[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2049/v49.pdf Article 21 and Annex VII], Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste 2. ^United Nations Security Council 16, 10 January 1947 3. ^http://www.nato.int/docu/review/1993/9301-3.htm External links
33 : Aftermath of World War II|1947 in Finland|1947 in Bulgaria|1947 in Romania|1947 in Italy|1947 in the Soviet Union|Bulgaria–Soviet Union relations|Finland–Soviet Union relations|Hungary–Soviet Union relations|Italy–Soviet Union relations|Italy–United States relations|Italy–Yugoslavia relations|Romania–Soviet Union relations|Peace treaties of Bulgaria|Peace treaties of Finland|Peace treaties of France|Peace treaties of Hungary|Peace treaties of Italy|Peace treaties of Romania|Peace treaties of the Soviet Union|Peace treaties of the United Kingdom|Peace treaties of the United States|Treaties concluded in 1947|Treaties entered into force in 1947|Treaties of the French Fourth Republic|Treaties of Italy|Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania|Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria|Treaties of Yugoslavia|World War II treaties|1947 in Paris|United Kingdom in World War II|February 1947 events |
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