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词条 Balkhash Radar Station
释义

  1. Space surveillance

  2. Second generation Daryal radar

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Infobox military structure
|name = Balkhash Radar Station
|native_name = Балхаш РЛС
|partof =
|location = Sary Shagan, Kazakhstan
|image = Balkhash9-landsat.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = An image of the site from landsat. The Dnepr radar is a V bottom right and the Daryal radar bottom left.
|map_type = Kazakhstan
|map_size =
|map_alt = Balkhash in Kazakhstan
|map_caption = Balkhash in Kazakhstan
|type = Radar Station
|coordinates = {{coord|46.603076|74.530985|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code = OS-2
|built = {{Start date|1964}}-[1]
|builder = {{USSR}}
|condition = operational
|ownership = {{RUS}}
|open_to_public = no
|controlledby = {{air force|Russia}} VKS
|garrison = 46th Independent Radio-Technical Unit [1]
|current_commander =
|image2 = Saryshaganspaceradar3.jpg
|image2_size = 300px
|caption2 = Dnestr radars 1 and 2 taken by US spy satellite KH-7 in 1967. The town of Balkhash-9 is in the foreground.
}}

Balkhash Radar Station (also described as Sary Shagan radar node and Balkhash-9) is the site of two generations of Soviet and Russian early warning radars. It is located on the west coast of Lake Balkhash near Sary Shagan test site in Kazakhstan. Although it is used for monitoring satellites in low Earth orbit it is mainly a key part of the Russian system of warning against missile attack. It provides coverage of western and central China, India, Pakistan and submarine missile launches in the Bay of Bengal.[3] There have been six radars at this site, although only one is operational in 2012, and it is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

The military town for the station is called Balkhash-9 ({{lang-rus|Балхаш-9}}). The station is {{convert|13|km}} east of the village of Gulshat in Karagandy Province and {{convert|90|km}} north east of Priozersk, the main town for Sary Shagan.

Space surveillance

{{Main|Dnepr radar}}

Balkhash was founded as OS-2, a space surveillance site with four Dnestr (NATO codename "Hen House") radar stations, which were started in 1964 [1] and tested in 1968. It could detect satellites at an altitude of up to {{convert|3000|km|mi|0}}.[5][6] The prototype Dnestr radar, TsSO-P, was built nearby on the Sary Shagan test site {{coord|46|00|04.65|N|73|38|52.11|E|type:landmark}}.

In 1967-8 a Dnepr early warning radar was started adjacent to the 4 Dnestr radars and it was commissioned in the early 1970s.

The Dnepr radar is the only functioning radar on the site.[3][9][10]

Radar Coordinates Azimuth Type Built Details
Radar 1 46.60741|N|74.523304|E|type:landmark|name=Radar 1 - Dnestr|display=inline}} 270 Dnestr 1964-1970 Modernised to Dnestr-M. Operation 1970. Decommissioned September 1995. Derelict.[3]
Radar 2 46.614574|N|74.523132|E|type:landmark|name=Radar 2 - Dnestr|display=inline}} 270 Dnestr 1964-1968 Operational 1968. Decommissioned January 1984. Derelict.[1][3]
Radar 3 46.625333|N|74.51721|E|type:landmark|name=Radar 3 - Dnestr|display=inline}} 60 Dnestr 1964-1968 Operational 1968. Decommissioned January 1984. Derelict.[1][3]
Radar 4 46.631463|N|74.512618|E|type:landmark|name=Radar 4 - Dnestr|display=inline}} 60 Dnestr 1964-1968 Operational 1968. Decommissioned September 1988. Derelict.[1][3]
Radar 546.603076|N|74.530985|E|type:landmark|name=Radar 5 - Dnepr|display=inline}} 180, 124 Dnepr 1968-1972 Operational 1972. Modernised to Dnepr. Operational from 1974.[1][3][9]

Second generation Daryal radar

{{Main|Daryal radar}}

Balkhash had a Daryal-U radar (NATO codename "Pechora"), a bistatic phased-array early warning radar consisting of two separate large phased-array antennas {{convert|2.7|km|mi|0}} apart. The transmitter array was {{convert|30|x|40|m|ft}} and the receiver was {{convert|80|x|80|m|ft}} in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). The claimed range of a Daryal installation is {{convert|6000|km|mi|0}}.[23]

Originally, at least seven Daryal facilities were planned, however, only the first two facilities completed, Pechora and Gabala, were ever operational. Two Daryal-U type were to be built at Balkhash and Mishelevka, Irkutsk, neither were completed before the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Coordinates Azimuth Type Built
46|35|19.48|N|74|27|59.19|E|name=Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter
{{coord|46|36|2.70|N|74|29|51.67|E|name=Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver		 152° (estimated) Daryal-U 1982-1994

The Balkhash Daryal started in 1982. Some testing started in 1991 and then stopped in 1994. In 2002 the never operational radar transferred to Kazakhstan who were left with the responsibility to demolish it. The radar was heavily looted and the receiver building ("building no. 2") burnt down in September 2004.[26][27] It further collapsed whilst being looted in January 2010, killing one.[28][29]

The Daryal contained organic pollutant polychlorinated biphenyl in its capacitors. The Kazakh government allocated $7 million to dispose of these and former Kazakh environment minister Nurlan Iskakov was convicted of embezzlement and sentenced to four years in prison relating to this money in 2009.[30][31][32]

References

1. ^1 {{Cite journal | first = A | last = Karpenko | year = 1999 | title = ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE | journal = Nevsky Bastion | volume = 4 | pages = 2–47 | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600-bmd-rus.htm }}
2. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/cosmic/weapons/more.htm?id=10342862@morfMilitaryModel| script-title=ru:Радиолокационная станция "Дарьял"|trans-title=Radar Daryal| accessdate = 2012-02-08| language = Russian| publisher = Russian Ministry of Defence| date = n.d.}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/radar/49ortu.htm| title = 49th independent Radio-Technical Unit| accessdate = 2012-04-08| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/hen_house.htm| title = Hen House| accessdate = 2012-01-27| year = n.d.| publisher = Federation of American Scientists}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite web| url = http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/320/34.shtml| script-title=ru:"Днепр" на Балхаше|trans-title="Dnepr" in Balkhash| language=Russian| accessdate = 2012-01-27|date=July 2009| publisher = Novosti Kosmonavtiki| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109134236/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/320/34.shtml| archivedate=2010-11-09}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv8uhf1EGJ8&list=UUFAwbA85Lq8yxVxD4yDDWMA&index=1&feature=plcp| script-title=ru:Вручение знамени 16601|trans-title=Presentation of the Flag 16601| language=Russian| format=video| accessdate = 2012-02-01| date = 2010-12-12| publisher = Zvezda News}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://safiullin.livejournal.com/710.html| script-title=ru:Пожар на сооружении №2, 17 сентября 2004 года|trans-title=Fire in building number 2, September 17, 2004| accessdate = 2011-12-22| first = Rakhim| last = Safiullin| language = Russian| date = 2005-09-08}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20111130/169187543.html| title = Russia activates radar aimed at Europe| accessdate = 2012-01-22| last = Bogdanov| first = Konstantin| date = 2011-11-29| publisher = RIA Novosti}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://en.rian.ru/world/20100123/157658701.html| title = One dead, 3 under rubble at former radar site in Kazakhstan| accessdate = 2012-04-08| date = 2010-01-23| publisher = RIA Novosti}}
10. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://stan.tv/news/14272/| script-title=ru:Жертвы опасной станции|trans-title=Victims of dangerous plant| language=Russian| accessdate = 2012-04-08| date = 2010-01-25| publisher = Stan.TV}}
11. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1255680900| script-title=ru:Бывший министр природы Казахстана Н.Искаков осужден на 4 года. За хищения из госбюджета|trans-title=Former Environment Minister N Iskakov sentenced to 4 years for theft from the state budget| language=Russian| accessdate = 2012-04-08| date = 2010-10-16| publisher = CentrAsia.ru}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/04/02/feature-01| title = Former Kazakh government minister arrested for corruption| accessdate = 2012-04-08| first = Madi| last = Asanov| date = 2009-04-02| publisher = Central Asia Online}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/10/21/feature-02| title= Former Kazakh ecology minister sentenced to four years| accessdate = 2012-04-08| first = Madi| last = Asanov| date = 2009-10-21| publisher = Central Asia Online}}
14. ^1 {{Cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RjGmGSefMM| script-title=ru:Репортаж ОРТ о Балхаше-9 |trans-title=Report on Balkhash-9 radar node| language=Russian| format=video| accessdate = 2012-04-08| date = 2009-01-29| publisher = Russia Today}}
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
}}{{Ru missile attack}}

External links

  • Set of photos from inside the Balkhash Dnepr from Novosti Kosmonavtiki
  • Set of photos of the Daryal fire

5 : Russian Space Forces|Russian and Soviet military radars|Military installations of Russia in other countries|Military installations of the Soviet Union|Karaganda Region
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