“Ballistic capture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Ballistic capture

释义

Low-energy transfer
References

{{context|date=April 2015}}Ballistic capture is a method of achieving orbit around a planet or moon - a spacecraft moving at a lower orbital velocity than the target celestial body is inserted into a similar orbit, allowing the planet or moon to move toward it and gravitationally snag it into orbit around the celestial body with no need for an insertion burn.^[1]^[2]

It was first used by the Japanese spacecraft Hiten in 1991 as a method to get to the Moon.^[1]

It is predicted to be

safer, as there is no time critical insertion burn,
can launch at almost any time, rather than having to wait for a narrow window of opportunity,
would be more fuel efficient for some missions.

The conventional method is a Hohmann transfer orbit, which does involve an insertion burn.

Low-energy transfer

Low energy transfer (LET) was proposed in the 80s. The spacecraft is launched into a transfer orbit that places it ahead of the target planet's orbital path. As the planet approaches the spacecraft, the planet's gravity draws the craft into a high circular orbit eliminating the need for an insertion burn. This orbit is a temporary one, eventually the spacecraft would leave it again - but then it uses low power thrusters to get into a lower orbit. It can use the much more efficient ion thrusters at this stage as there is no need for a high level of thrust.

With some target orbits the total fuel is less than for Hohmann transfer. Hohmann transfer is more fuel efficient if an orbit closer to Mars is targeted, but can only be done at particular times. Ballistic capture, on the other hand, can be used at any time.

In 2014 LET was proposed as optimal maneuver for future Mars missions. It can be performed anytime, not only once per 26 months as in other maneuvers and does not involve dangerous and expensive (fuel cost) braking. The only disadvantage is longer duration (up to one year, instead of six months in case of Hohmann transfer) of LET.

References

1. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Hadhazy|first1=Adam |title=A New Way to Reach Mars Safely, Anytime and on the Cheap |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-way-to-reach-mars-safely-anytime-and-on-the-cheap/ |accessdate=25 December 2014 |work=Scientific American |date=22 December 2014 }}
2. ^https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.8856, http://www.universetoday.com/117615/making-the-trip-to-mars-cheaper-and-easier-the-case-for-ballistic-capture/

3 : Astrodynamics|Spacecraft propulsion|Orbital maneuvers

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