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词条 Parody religion
释义

  1. List of notable parody religions

      Parodies of particular beliefs    Post-modern religions  

  2. See also

  3. Notes and references

  4. External links

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A parody religion or mock religion is a belief system that challenges spiritual convictions of others, often through humor, satire, or burlesque (literary ridicule). Often created to achieve a specific purpose related to another belief system, a parody religion can be a parody of several religions, sects, gurus, cults, or new religious movements at the same time or even a parody of no particular religion, instead parodying the concept of religious belief itself. In some parody religions, the emphasis is on having fun; the faith may be a convenient excuse for pleasant social interaction among the like-minded.

One approach to parody religion aims to highlight deficiencies in particular pro-religious arguments — the thinking being that if a given argument can also be used to support a clear parody, then the original argument is clearly flawed. An example of this is the Flying Spaghetti Monster, which parodies the equal time argument employed by intelligent design and creationism.[1]

Occasionally, a parody religion may offer ordination by mail or on-line at a nominal fee, seeking equal recognition for this clergy under freedom of religion provisions, including the 1st and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution.[2] officiants to legally solemnise marriage. Parody religions also have sought the same reasonable accommodation legally afforded to mainstream religions, including religious-specific garb or headgear.[3] A U.S. federal court ruled in 2016 that Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster ("Pastafarianism") is not a religion,[3] but Pastafarianism or The Church of the Latter-Day Dude have been accommodated to some extent by a few US States and some other countries.[4][5]

Several religions that are considered as parody religions have a number of relatively serious followers who embrace the perceived absurdity of these religions as spiritually significant, a decidedly post-modern approach to religion. For instance, in Discordianism, it can be hard to tell whether even these "serious" followers are not just taking part in an even bigger joke.

List of notable parody religions

Parodies of particular beliefs

The following were created as parodies of particular religious beliefs:

Religion Description Notes
Eventualism A satire on Scientology-like religions which appeared in the movie Schizopolis[6]
Invisible Pink Unicorn A parody of theist definitions of God. It also highlights the arbitrary and unfalsifiable nature of religious belief, in a similar way to Russell's teapot.[7][8]
Kibology A humorous Usenet-based satire of religion[9]
Landover Baptist Church A satiric parody of Fundamentalist Christianity.[10]
Last Thursdayism A joke version of omphalism that argues that the universe was created last Thursday, created to demonstrate problems with unfalsifiable beliefs, and the variant Next Wednesdayism inspired by John Landis's running movie gag See You Next Wednesday.[11]
Pastafarianism, or the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster A parody of intelligent design, creationism, and religion in general, as a modern version of Russell's teapot.[1][12][7]
Tarvuism A spoof religion that British comedians Peter Serafinowicz and Robert Popper invented for the television show, Look Around You, that parodied instructional religious videos such as those of Scientologists and Christians.[13][14][15]
First Church of the Last LaughThe spoof religion behind the annual Saint Stupid's Day Parade in San Francisco.[16]

Post-modern religions

The following are post-modern religions that may be seen as elaborate parodies of already-existent religions:

ReligionDescriptionNotes
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters A social club founded by Peter I of Russia. It often got into controversies for mocking the church.
Bokononism A fictional religion from Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle, which promotes harmless comforting lies called foma. Its principal text, The Books of Bokonon, is a parody of the New Testament. See also the Church of God the Utterly Indifferent in Kurt Vonnegut's The Sirens of Titan.[17][18][19]
Church of Euthanasia The Church of Euthanasia is a "non-profit educational foundation devoted to restoring balance between Humans and the remaining species on Earth." The Church uses sermons, music, culture jamming, publicity stunts and direct action to highlight Earth's unsustainable population. The Church is notorious for its conflicts with Pro-life Christian activists.[20]
Church of the SubGenius Founded in 1979. Often regarded as a parody of religion in general, with elements of fundamentalist Christianity, Zen, Scientology, new-age cults, pop-psychology, and motivational sales techniques amongst others, it has become a movement in its own right, inspiring several books, art exhibits, rock albums, conventions, and novelty items.[21][22]
Dudeism A religion based on the 1998 film, The Big Lebowski, in which the titular character, also known as "the Dude", is revered as a guru. The adherents consider the religion a modern form of Taoism.[23][24]
Discordianism It is based on the book 1965 Principia Discordia. Its principal deity is the goddess of chaos Discordia (Greek Eris).[25]
Dinkoism Dinkoism is a parody religion that places Dinkan, a comic character from Malayalam Children's magazine Balamangalam, as the one true God and the creator of the Universe. It is very similar to Pastafarianism that worships The Flying Spaghetti Monster. Dinkoism was organized by some independent social welfare groups of Kerala, India as a means to mock blind faith and creatively criticise religious intolerance. It had its origins in the social media. Its principal deity is also Dinkan.[26]
Epicureanism The philosophical school founded by Epicurus of Samos often behaves like a parody religion. Ancient Epicureans celebrated a feast on the twentieth of each month as a philosophical alternative to the common devotions of the day, and frequently pitied and mocked the beliefs of common folk. In A True Story, Epicurean satirist Lucian of Samosata imitated the common religious convention of reserving right to entry into heaven when he invented a paradise called "Isle of the Blessed" where only Epicureans and their allies were allowed, and comically explained how members of other philosophical schools failed to find their way to it.[27]
Googlism A satirical church which advocates naming the search engine Google a god; due to nine perceived similarities between it and the common definitions of what makes a deity. [28][29]
Iglesia Maradoniana ("Church of Maradona") It was formed by an Argentinian group of fans of the association football player Diego Armando Maradona. The adherents baptize themselves by slapping a football, which is a reference to the 1986 "Hand of God" goal.[30]
Jediism In 2001 following an Internet campaign, the fictional Star Wars "religion" of the Jedis became a parody religion in several Commonwealth countries as 1.5% of the New Zealand, 0.37% of the Australia and 0.7% of the UK population stated their religion as Jedi in the official census (see Jedi census).[31][32][33]
Kopimism An internet-based religion based on the belief that file sharing is a sacred virtue which must remain protected. It was given recognition by the Sweden government in January 2012. It was founded by a philosophy student, Isak Gerson.[34]
Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption A religious movement for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver to satirize prosperity theology and the way the IRS deals with churches.[35][36]
Matrixism, or The Path of the OneA new religious movement inspired by the 1999 movie The Matrix. It appeared online in 2004. The adherents claim belief in a multilayered subjective reality and await the return of their prophet, the One.[37]
The Cult of Kek An internet religion associated with 4chan's /pol/, the far-right movement known as the "alt-right", and online supporters of the current U.S. president, Donald Trump. Adherents satirically worship a cartoon frog called "Pepe" as the reincarnation of the Egyptian deity Kek, a harbinger of chaos and destruction. [38]
Russell's Teapot A small satirical following based around Bertrand Russell's analogy for God.
Silinism The official religion of the micronation of the Aerican Empire, which holds a giant penguin named Forsteri as its central figure.[39][40]
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence A drag performance group that lampoons religion to raise awareness for mostly LGBT causes.
Zone Theory A parody of religion and self-help books by comedy duo Tim & Eric. [41]

== Usage by atheist commentators ==

{{quote|I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.|Stephen F. Roberts[42]}}

Many atheists, including Richard Dawkins, use parody religions such as those of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Invisible Pink Unicorn — as well as ancient gods like Zeus and Thor — as modern versions of Russell's teapot to argue that the burden of proof is on the believer, not the atheist.[43]

Dawkins also created a parody of the criticism of atheism, coining the term athorism, or the firm belief that the Norse deity Thor does not exist. The intention is to emphasize the claim that atheism is not a form of religious creed, but instead merely denial of beliefs.[44]

A common challenge against atheism is the idea that atheism is itself a form of "faith", a belief without proof. The theist might say "No one can prove that God does not exist, therefore an atheist is exercising faith by asserting that there is no God." Dawkins argues that by replacing the word "God" with "Thor" one should see that the assertion is fallacious. The burden of proof, he claims, rests upon the believer in the supernatural, not upon the non-believer who considers such things unlikely. Athorism is an attempt to illustrate through absurdity that there is no logical difference between disbelieving particular religions.

See also

  • New religious movement
  • Religious satire
  • Religious humanism
  • Syncretism

Notes and references

1. ^1 {{cite news|title='Spaghetti Monster' is noodling around with faith|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/2006-03-26-spaghetti-monster_x.htm|accessdate=2013-10-03|newspaper=USA Today|date=26 March 2006|author=Dan Vergano}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/east/280267352.html|title=Atheists sue Washington County over denial to perform marriages|publisher=Star-Tribune}}
3. ^>{{cite web|url=https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/news/federal-court-rules-church-flying-spaghetti-monster-not-religion|title=Federal Court Rules Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster Not a Religion|date=April 19, 2016|publisher=Harvard Divinity School}}
4. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/fashion/weddings/david-kantor-michael-hampton.html
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.venganza.org/2017/05/australia-official-recognition/|title=Australia Officially Recognizes the Church of FSM|date=May 22, 2017|publisher=venganza.org}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Review: "Schizopolis"|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/schizopolis-2-1200445720/|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=Variety (magazine)|date=28 May 1996}}
7. ^1 {{cite news|title=Pastafarians: Finding God on world wide web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-28/science/28151773_1_ramen-holy-family-religion|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 May 2010}}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Nigel Suckling|title=Unicorns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rpd2Tk-NwMcC&pg=PA94|date=December 2006|publisher=AAPPL|isbn=978-1-904332-68-8|page=94}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=William H. Swatos|author2=Peter Kivisto|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA237|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1|page=237}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Dale McGowan|title=Atheism For Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJJk_Cjv44UC&pg=PA210|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=25 February 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-50921-0|page=210}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=Faith takes strange forms on the Web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/faith-takes-strange-forms-on-the-web-1.80022|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=Stars and Stripes|date=15 June 2008}}
12. ^1 {{cite news|title=Official: Pastafarian strainer titfer is religious headgear|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/14/pastafarian_ruling/|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=The Register|date=14 July 2011}}
13. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2008/10/14/7588/say_hebbo_to_tarvuism!| title=Say 'Hebbo' to Tarvuism!| publisher=Chortle.co.uk| date=14 October 2010|accessdate=30 October 2010}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Look Around You: Science Video Reductio ad Absurdum|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/look-around-you-science-video/|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=Wired (magazine)|date=4 September 2010|first=D|last=Dumas}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Education Spoof Look Around You Schools Adult Swim|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/01/education-spoof/|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=Wired (magazine)|date=17 January 2009|first=Scott|last=Thill}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=St. Stupid's Day Parade mocks economic and religious institutions|url=http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2011/04/01/st-stupids-day-parade-mocks-economic-and-religious-institutions|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=1 March 2011}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Meilena Hauslendale|title=The Spiritual Revolution: Guide to Spiritual Development & Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKvGFOI52I8C&pg=PA39|date=1 August 2007|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-615-14902-8|page=39}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Jerome Klinkowitz|title=The Vonnegut Effect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o02-cEN5zjQC&pg=PA63|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=January 2004|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-520-3|page=63}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Lawrence R. Broer|title=Sanity Plea: Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKRsDBh32Q0C&pg=PA62|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=30 August 1994|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-0752-3|page=62}}
20. ^Church of Euthanasia FAQ
21. ^{{cite book|author=Peter Knight|title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA170|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-812-9|pages=170}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=Carole M. Cusack|title=Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoduVhGsfp0C&pg=PA87|accessdate=4 October 2013|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-9360-4|pages=87–105}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=How ‘The Big Lebowski’ became a cultural touchstone and the impetus for festivals across the country |url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2009/09/15/the_big_lebowski_spawns_its_own_subculture/ |accessdate=3 October 2013 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=15 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084922/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2009/09/15/the_big_lebowski_spawns_its_own_subculture/ |archivedate=September 27, 2013 }}
24. ^{{cite news|title=The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'|url=http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=20 March 2013}}
25. ^{{cite book|author=Christopher Penczak|title=The Mystic Foundation: Understanding and Exploring the Magical Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poqIZLTeqfAC&pg=PT259|accessdate=3 October 2013|year=2006|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-7387-0979-6|page=259}}
26. ^{{cite web | author= KC Archana| date=5 April 2016 | publisher= India Today | url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dinkoism-kerala-mock-religion-superhero-mouse/1/635438.html | title= What is Dinkoism? Why are many Keralites worshipping a superhero mouse? }}
27. ^{{cite web | author= Hiram Crespo| date=19 May 2016 | publisher= Eidolon | url= https://eidolon.pub/swinish-herds-and-pastafarians-efdc9ca6db2d | title= Swinish Herds and Pastafarians: Comedy as an Ideological Weapon }}
28. ^ 
29. ^{{Citation |title=The Problem with Google's Perceived Omniscience |last=Paulas |first=Rick |work=Pacific Standard |date=July 13, 2015 |url=https://psmag.com/environment/how-google-helps-you-agree-with-yourself |accessdate=2019-03-03}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona's 48th birthday celebrated by Church of Maradona|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3286799/Diego-Maradonas-48th-birthday-celebrated-by-Church-of-Maradona-Football.html|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 October 2008|location=London}}
31. ^{{cite news|title=Jedi 'religion' grows in Australia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2218456.stm|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=27 August 2002}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Bad Movie Hurts Jedi Down Under |url=https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/08/54851 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |newspaper=Wired |date=31 August 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930193410/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/08/54851 |archivedate=September 30, 2012 }}
33. ^{{cite news|title=No place for Jedi in survey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/14/religion.britishidentity|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=14 February 2003}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=Sweden recognises new file-sharing religion Kopimism|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16424659|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 January 2012}}
35. ^http://www.ourladyofperpetualexemption.com/
36. ^{{cite news |title=John Oliver Shuts Down Fake Church Over Unsolicited Semen |first=Daniel |last=Kreps |date=September 14, 2015 |work=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/john-oliver-shuts-down-fake-church-over-unsolicited-semen-40536/ |accessdate=2019-03-04}}
37. ^{{cite book|author=George D. Chryssides|title=Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA227|accessdate=3 October 2013|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-6194-7|page=227}}
38. ^Neiwert, David (May 8, 2017). [https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/05/08/what-kek-explaining-alt-right-deity-behind-their-meme-magic "What the Kek: Explaining the Alt-Right 'Deity' Behind Their 'Meme Magic'"]. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
39. ^The Aerican Empire: Silinism
40. ^{{Citation |title= 10 Micro Nations You Didn’t Know Existed |author= Ivan |date=April 15, 2017 |work=Gazette Review |url=https://gazettereview.com/2016/09/10-micro-nations-didnt-know-existed/ |accessdate=2019-03-04}}
41. ^{{Citation |title= Going Weird: An Interview With Tim & Eric About Their New Cult Satire ‘Zone Theory’ |first= Sean T |last= Collins |date= July 7, 2015 |work=New York Observer |url=https://observer.com/2015/07/going-weird-an-interview-with-tim-eric-about-their-new-scathing-scientology-satire/ |accessdate=2019-03-04}}
42. ^{{cite book | title=Like Rolling Uphill: Realizing the Honesty of Atheism | author=Dianna Narciso | isbn=1-932560-74-2 | pages=6}}
43. ^{{cite book | last = Dawkins| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Dawkins| title = The God Delusion | year = 2006| publisher = Bantam| location = London| isbn = 978-0-593-05548-9| chapter = Chapter 2: The God Hypothesis}}
44. ^{{cite news |first=Dawkins |last=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |title=Let's Hope It's A Lasting Vogue |work=On Faith |publisher=Newsweek |url=http://www.faithstreet.com/onfaith/2007/01/01/athorism-is-enjoying-a-certain/5693 |accessdate=2016-02-20}}

External links

  • Inside the Spiritual Jacuzzi article by Jesse Walker about parody religions and other "customized faiths"
{{relphilpop}}{{Criticism of religion}}

1 : Religious parodies and satires
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