| 词条 | Paronychia |
| 释义 |
| name = Paronychia | | synonyms = | caption = | field = Dermatology, emergency medicine | | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Paronychia is a nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia).[1][2] Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon. The term is from {{lang-el|παρωνυχία}} from para, "around", onyx, "nail" and the abstract noun suffix -ia.[3][4] Signs and symptomsThe skin typically presents as red, itchy, and hot, along with intense pain. Pus is usually present, along with gradual thickening and browning discoloration of the nail plate. CauseAcute paronychia is usually caused by bacteria. Paronychia is often treated with antibiotics, either topical or oral. Chronic paronychia is most often caused by a yeast infection of the soft tissues around the nail but can also be traced to a bacterial infection. If the infection is continuous, the cause is often fungal and needs antifungal cream or paint to be treated.[5] Risk factors include repeatedly washing hands and trauma to the cuticle such as may occur from biting. In the context of bartending, it is known as bar rot.[6] Prosector's paronychia is a primary inoculation of tuberculosis of the skin and nails, named after its association with prosectors, who prepare specimens for dissection. Paronychia around the entire nail is sometimes referred to as runaround paronychia. Painful paronychia in association with a scaly, erythematous, keratotic rash (papules and plaques) of the ears, nose, fingers, and toes may be indicative of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica, which is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.[7] Paronychia can occur with diabetes, drug-induced immunosuppression,[8] or systemic diseases such as pemphigus.[9] Diagnosis{{Empty section|date=December 2016}}TypesParonychia may be divided as follows:[10]
Alternatively, paronychia may be divided as follows:[11]
TreatmentWhen no pus is present, warm soaks for acute paronychia are reasonable, even though there is a lack of evidence to support its use.[14] Antibiotics such as clindamycin or cephalexin are also often used, the first being more effective in areas where MRSA is common.[14] If there are signs of an abscess (the presence of pus) drainage is recommended.[14] Chronic paronychia is treated by avoiding whatever is causing it, a topical antifungal, and a topical steroid.[15] In those who do not improve following these measures oral antifungals and steroids may be used or the nail fold may be removed surgically.[15] References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Rigopoulos D, Larios G, Gregoriou S, Alevizos A |title=Acute and chronic paronychia |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=339–46 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18297959 |doi= |url=}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author=Rockwell PG |title=Acute and chronic paronychia |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1113–6 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11277548 |doi= |url=}} 3. ^{{OEtymD|paronychia}} 4. ^{{LSJ|parwnuxi/a|παρωνυχία}}, {{LSJ|para/|παρά}}, {{LSJ|o)/nuc|ὄνυξ|ref}}. 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/ask_the_doctor/whitlow.shtml|title=Doctor's advice Q: Whitlow (paronychia)|publisher=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2008-05-10}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Bar Rot|url=http://thetruthaboutbartending.com/2012/01/27/bar-rot/|website=The Truth About Bartending|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322005002/http://thetruthaboutbartending.com/2012/01/27/bar-rot/|archivedate=2013-03-22|date=January 27, 2012}} 7. ^{{cite journal | title=eMedicine - Acrokeratosis Neoplastica | author= Karen Allen, MD | url=http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic6.htm | date=2005-08-17 }} 8. ^{{EMedicine|article|1106062|Paronychia|clinical}} 9. ^{{cite journal | url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x05d6vh | title=Nail disease in pemphigus vulgaris | vauthors=Serratos BD, Rashid RM | journal=Dermatol. Online J. | year=200 | volume=15 | issue=7 | pages=2 | pmid=19903430}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=James, William D. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate= |last2=Berger |first2=Timothy G. }} 11. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine|year=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing Company|isbn=978-0071380768|edition=6th|editor=Freedberg, Irwin M.}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last=Rigopoulos|first=Dimitris|author2=Larios, George |author3=Gregoriou, Stamatis |author4= Alevizos, Alevizos |title=Acute and Chronic Paronychia|journal=American Family Physician|year=2008|volume=77|issue=3|pages=339–346|pmid=18297959|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0201/p339.pdf|accessdate=January 7, 2013}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last=Rigopoulos|first=Dimitris|author2=Larios, George |author3=Gregoriou, Stamatis |author4= Alevizos, Alevizos |title=Acute and Chronic Paronychia|journal=American Family Physician|year=2008|volume=77|issue=3|pages=339–346|pmid=18297959|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0201/p339.pdf|accessdate=January 8, 2013}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Ritting|first=AW|author2=O'Malley, MP |author3=Rodner, CM |title=Acute paronychia.|journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery|date=May 2012|volume=37|issue=5|pages=1068–70; quiz page 1070|pmid=22305431|doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.021}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Rigopoulos|first=D|author2=Larios, G |author3=Gregoriou, S |author4= Alevizos, A |title=Acute and chronic paronychia.|journal=American Family Physician|date=Feb 1, 2008|volume=77|issue=3|pages=339–46|pmid=18297959}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = 9663 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|03|0|l|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|681.02}}, {{ICD9|681.11}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001444 | eMedicineSubj = derm | eMedicineTopic = 798 | MeshID = D010304 }}{{Commons category}}
4 : Occupational diseases|Conditions of the skin appendages|Nails (anatomy)|Tuberculosis |
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