| 词条 | Barbara Macdonald |
| 释义 |
|name = Barbara Anne Macdonald |birth_name = Barbara Anne Charles |birth_date = September 11, 1913 |birth_place = Pomona, California, U.S. |death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|6|15|1913|9|11}} |death_place = |citizenship = United States |alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley, University of Washington |known_for = Feminist activism, especially relating to ageism |occupation = Social Worker }}Barbara Anne Macdonald (nee Charles, September 11, 1913 – June 15, 2000) was an American social worker, lesbian feminist and ageism activist.[1] Macdonald believed that ageism was a "central feminist issue" and made it the core of her activism.[2] At the time, she was a "lone voice" fighting against and talking about ageism.[2] Macdonald felt that ageism divided women and that the stigma of aging became a trap.[3] In addition, Macdonald felt that defining women by their familial roles was the central contributor to ageism.[5] She felt that older women tend to be seen as caretakers and mother-figures instead of as individuals.[4] Macdonald used her anger to fuel her activism and through her anger, she identified many aspects of age-related issues that affect older women, such as poverty, physical challenges caused by age, violence against older women, and health issues: all of which she felt were not adequately addressed by younger feminists.[5] Macdonald's activism inspired the formation of the group Old Lesbians Organizing for Change, which works in the United States to fight ageism.[6] BiographyMacdonald was born in Pomona, California and grew up in La Habra, California.[1] When she was 15, she left home and began to support herself as a domestic worker in Long Beach, California.[1] She attended Long Beach Junior College from 1931-1932 and Santa Ana Junior College from 1932-1937.[1] She was nearly expelled from Santa Ana Junior College for being a lesbian.[1] She later attended University of California, Berkeley, from 1938-1940 where she supported herself as a stunt parachute jumper.[1] She had a brief marriage to John Macdonald in 1941, where she received her last name.[7] After graduating from Berkeley, she had a job at the WPA Vallejo Housing Authority.[7] She later attended the University of Washington from 1950-1953 where she received her bachelors and a masters of social work.[7] She moved to Wenatchee, Washington and had a job as a supervisor in Child Welfare Services.[7] Macdonald would work as a social worker for most of her adult life.[5] Macdonald began to think differently about aging in the late 1970s. When she was at a march in New England in 1978, she began to fall behind. The marshal of the parade noted her age and told her to move to another part of the line because she couldn't keep up. The incident taught Macdonald that pride in strength is false pride because as people age, they become weaker.[8] Macdonald decided not to feel shame at being physically weak and instead realized that she needed to fight against ageism.[9] In 1974, she retired as a social worker and during that same year, she met her partner, Cynthia Rich who was teaching a feminist workshop that Macdonald attended.[7] Rich and Macdonald would be together for twenty-six years.[7] In 1983, Macdonald and Rich, published Look Me in the Eye: Women, Aging and Ageism.[10] The book was considered "extremely rare" by May Sarton and called "courageous" by Robin Morgan.[11] In 1985, Macdonald gave a pivotal speech at a national Women's Studies conference, where she continued to express her idea that ageism is an important feminist issue where old women are denied humanity and are reduced to stereotypes.[12] She had fought for four years prior to get her speech realized at the conference and for the organizers to include the topic of aging.[11] Macdonald was invited to talk at many different organizations throughout her life, including universities, social worker organizations and to "lesbian and feminist audiences."[6] She was also invited to speak on international panels at the Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) forum at the 1995 United Nations World Conference on Women in Beijing.[6] Many of Macdonald's "finest speeches never made their way into print, and many of her best speeches and articles were never collected in a book."[5] Macdonald suffered from "debilitating memory loss" in the last four years of her life.[13] She died of Alzheimer's disease on June 15, 2000.[7] Bibliography
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url = http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c88w3gd8/|title = Barbara Macdonald papers, 1979-2003|date = |accessdate = 12 June 2015|website = Online Archive of California|publisher = |last = |first = }} 2. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = http://www.triviavoices.net/archives/issue5/weil.html|title = Remembering Barbara Macdonald|last = Weil|first = Lise|date = February 2007|journal = Trivia|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 12 June 2015|issue = 5}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title = African Americans Doing Feminism: Putting Theory in to Everyday Practice|last = White|first = Aaronette M.|publisher = State University of New York|year = 2010|isbn = 9781438431413|location = Albany, New York|pages = 120|editor-last = White|editor-first = Aaronette M.|last2 = Martin|first2 = Vera C.|chapter = Gay, Gray, and a Place to Stay: Living It Up and Out in an RV}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title = Lesbian Philosophies and Cultures: Issues in Philosophical Historiography|last = Copper|first = Baba|publisher = State University of New York Press|year = 1990|isbn = 978-0791403839|location = Albany, New York|pages = 230|chapter = The View from Over the Hill|editor-last = Allen|editor-first = Jeffner}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title = Women and Aging: An Anthology by Women|last = Swallow|first = Jean|publisher = Calyx, Inc.|year = 1986|isbn = 9780934971003|location = Corvallis, Oregon|pages = 193–203|chapter = Both Feet in Life: Interviews with Barbara Macdonald and Cynthia Rich|editor-last = Alexander|editor-first = Jo}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title = Sisterhood is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium|last = Morgan|first = Robin|publisher = Washington Square Press|year = 2003|isbn = 9780743466271|location = |pages = 160}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite web|title = Rich, Cynthia. Papers of Cynthia Rich and Barbara Macdonald, 1893-2004: A Finding Aid|url = http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00340|website = Harvard University Library|accessdate = 12 June 2015}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title = How to Age|last = Karpf|first = Anne|publisher = Picador|year = 2014|isbn = 9781250058980|location = New York|pages = 169}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title = Statistical Panic: Cultural Politics and Poetis of the Emotions|last = Woodward|first = Kathleen|publisher = Duke University Press Books|year = 2009|isbn = 9780822392316|location = |pages = 76–77}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v018/18.1lipscomb.pdf|title = 'We Need a Theoretical Base': Cynthia Rich, Women's Studies, and Ageism: An Interview|last = Lipscomb|first = Valerie Barnes|date = 2006|journal = NWSA Journal|doi = 10.1353/nwsa.2006.0013|pmid = |access-date = 16 June 2015|subscription = yes|last2 = Rich|first2 = Cynthia|volume = 18|issue = 1}} 11. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ff/summary/v018/18.1marshall.html|title = Aging: A Feminist Issue|last = Marshall|first = Leni|date = 2006|journal = NWSA Journal|doi = 10.1353/nwsa.2006.0014|pmid = |access-date = 16 June 2015|subscription = yes|volume = 18|issue = 1|pages = vii-xii}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title = Gender, Social Inequalities and Aging|last = Calasanti|first = Toni M.|publisher = AltaMira Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780759101852|location = Lanham, Maryland|pages = 188|last2 = Slevin|first2 = Kathleen F.}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=3812306&site=ehost-live|title = In the Service of Truth: Remembering Barbara Macdonald|last = Weil|first = Lise|date = 2000|journal = Lesbian Review of Books|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 16 June 2015|volume = 7|issue = 2|subscription = yes|page = 18}} External links
17 : American feminist writers|American feminists|Elder rights activists|American women's rights activists|Lesbian writers|LGBT rights activists from the United States|LGBT people from California|Lesbian feminists|University of California, Berkeley alumni|1913 births|2000 deaths|People from Pomona, California|University of Washington alumni|American social workers|20th-century women writers|20th-century writers|Activists from California |
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