“Partizansk”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Partizansk ({{lang-ru|Партиза́нск}}) is a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located on a spur of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, about {{convert|170|km|sp=us}} east of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=38,659|p2002=43,670|p1989=49,546}}

Names

The town was formerly known as Suchan ({{zh|c=蘇城|p=Sūchéng}}), but its Russian name was changed to Partizansk in 1972 during a general campaign of cleansing the Chinese toponyms in Outer Manchuria.

Geography

A number of creeks flow through the town into the nearby Partizanskaya River, previously known as the Suchan.

Climate

Partizansk has a four-season humid continental climate.^[2] Its climate contains vast temperature differences between seasons, in spite of its relatively low latitude and position near the Pacific Ocean. It has slightly warmer summers than Vladivostok due to its inland position, whereas winters are similar in both locations, largely but not completely unaffected by any maritime moderation. The cold temperatures for the latitude are due to the Siberian High's influence. The climate features wet and humid summers as well as dry and snow-light winters.

{{Weather box
|location=Partizansk
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C= 5.7
|Feb record high C= 10.0
|Mar record high C= 17.9
|Apr record high C= 31.1
|May record high C= 31.0
|Jun record high C= 33.5
|Jul record high C= 38.0
|Aug record high C= 38.0
|Sep record high C= 32.2
|Oct record high C= 27.7
|Nov record high C= 19.2
|Dec record high C= 9.0
|year record high C = 38.0
|Jan high C = -7.7
|Feb high C = -4.0
|Mar high C = 2.8
|Apr high C = 11.9
|May high C = 18.2
|Jun high C = 21.4
|Jul high C = 24.5
|Aug high C = 25.4
|Sep high C = 20.8
|Oct high C = 13.7
|Nov high C = 2.9
|Dec high C = -5.4
|year high C = 10.4
|Jan mean C = -12.5
|Feb mean C = -9.0
|Mar mean C = -2.2
|Apr mean C = 5.9
|May mean C = 11.7
|Jun mean C = 15.6
|Jul mean C = 19.5
|Aug mean C = 20.3
|Sep mean C = 14.8
|Oct mean C = 7.7
|Nov mean C = -2.0
|Dec mean C = -9.9
|year mean C = 5.0
|Jan low C = -17.6
|Feb low C = -14.6
|Mar low C = -7.9
|Apr low C = 0.0
|May low C = 5.5
|Jun low C = 10.5
|Jul low C = 15.4
|Aug low C = 15.8
|Sep low C = 8.9
|Oct low C = 1.7
|Nov low C = -7.3
|Dec low C = -14.9
|year low C = -0.3
|Jan record low C = -30.9
|Feb record low C = -32.5
|Mar record low C = -22.8
|Apr record low C = -12.2
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 1.0
|Aug record low C = 1.7
|Sep record low C = -5.0
|Oct record low C = -14.1
|Nov record low C = -20.0
|Dec record low C = -28.0
|year record low C = −32.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 12.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 15.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 24.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.0
|May precipitation mm = 58.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 106.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 112.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 110.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 106.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 46.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 29.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 17.3
|year precipitation mm = 681.0
|Jan humidity = 55
|Feb humidity = 54
|Mar humidity = 56
|Apr humidity = 60
|May humidity = 69
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 85
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 62
|Nov humidity = 57
|Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 65
|source= ^[3]
}}

History

In the late 19th century, the Vladivostok-based Russian Pacific Fleet was in deep need of a source of coal. The Department of Mines sent a geological expedition to the area south of Ussuriysk, working there from 1888 to 1893. Coal was found, which could be mined and sent to Nakhodka for the needs of the Fleet. In 1896, the Department of Mines made a large order for coal from the Suchan River area, and a settlement for miners was founded.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The settlement was originally named Suchansky Rudnik, meaning mining pit of Suchan.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}}

Later in 1896, more detailed prospecting was organized in Suchan, and commercial operations started at around that time. Suchan miners were living in dug-outs, cabins, and tents, and living conditions were awful. Only in 1900, when forty-six highly qualified miners arrived, construction of the mine #1 and of ten houses started. Government-owned coal mines were also established at that time. The first migrants started to move to Suchan.

The government often neglected to maintain good living conditions for Suchan workers. For the period of 1896–1922, only one two-story house was built. Suchan itself was just a group of several badly planned mine settlements. In 1905 and 1906, state schools were opened and a hospital for fifty people was built.

In the period of 1905–1914, several new mines were opened in Suchan. Wooden barracks and individual houses also appeared. Construction was carried out without proper planning, with each artel building a barrack for its workers. Some of those buildings remain intact to the present day. The founders of Suchansky Rudnik had not carried out much work up to 1914. After the beginning of World War I, development completely stopped. Many workers were called up for military service, extraction of coal reduced greatly, and construction works were cut down. Difficult years of need and hardship started.

In 1917, there were eleven mines which annually extracted up to 300,000 tons of coal. In 1918–1922, during the Russian Civil War, the supporters of the Bolsheviks conducted an active partisan struggle in the region. After the establishment of Soviet authority in Primorye, coal remained the region's main production.

After 1922, restoration of old mines and building of new ones started. Spread settlements merged into one large locality. Construction of multi-story buildings began. At this time great attention was paid to cultural development of the settlement. In 1917, the People's House was built, which later transformed into a club of miners. It became a cultural center of the settlement. In 1926, a club for 350 people was built near mine #10. In 1932, a club for 200 people near mine #20 and for 250 people at timber plant were built. In 1933, the largest Palace of Culture in Primorye with a hall for 1,200 people started functioning.

Town status was granted in 1932, and the name was shortened to Suchan.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} Soon after that Suchan was renamed Gamarnik ({{lang|ru|Гама́рник}}), after revolutionary commissar Yan Gamarnik; however, the name reverted to Suchan after Gamarnik's suicide (due to possible arrest during the Great Purge) in 1937.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}}

The town was given its present name in 1972, when the cleansing of Chinese names in Primorsky Krai took place. The nearby Suchan River, from which the town had taken its name, was renamed the Partizanskaya.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated as Partizansk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[4] As a municipal division, Partizansk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Partizansky Urban Okrug.^[5]

Economy and infrastructure

The economy of the town and its surrounding area remains largely reliant on coal mining; however, the industry is currently in decline, with the previous coal reserves largely exhausted. Previous machine-building, chemical and pharmaceutical works have also been closed.

Timber production has grown in importance in recent years. Light industry also prospers, with a garment factory, a tannery, a food-processing plant, and a brewery currently operating.

The 1970s witnessed some great effort in modernizing the town's industrial sector, crowned with building a power station which was later named after the town. Thirty years later the Partizansk Power Station was renovated and a new generator was installed to boost the output. Despite being one of the less important stations in the energy grid of the krai, especially with the reference to its minor share in the krai's energy output, Partizansk Power Station has a vital role in supplying with electricity the town and the close vicinity.

The town lies on the branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway leading to Nakhodka; this section of the railroad was completed in 1935.

Tourism

A coal deposit in Oleny Klyuch (near mine #1) was for the first time mentioned by Vasily Margaritov, a member of the Geographic Society of Amur Krai. This place is now called "The First Coal" (as it was the first mine in the area). Today, the mine is no longer in operation, and is commemorated with a cast-iron sign placed there in 1932. The sign contains the following text: "In 1883 the first coal was found here. Here the mine begins."

References

Notes

1. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=78913&cityname=Partizansk%2C+Primorskiy%2C+Russia&units=|title=Partizansk climate summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=18 May 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=78913&cityname=Partizansk-|title=Partizansk temperature averages|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=18 May 2016}}
4. ^¹²³⁴Law #161-KZ
5. ^¹²Law #165-KZ