“Baroque instruments”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Baroque instruments

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Table of instruments
Baroque instrumentation
Continuo Trumpet Recorder Flauto piccolo

Musical instruments used in Baroque music were partly used already before, partly are still in use today, but with changed technology. The movement to perform music in a historically informed way, trying to recreate the sound of the period, led to the use of historic instruments of the period and to the reconstruction of instruments.

The following table lists instruments, classified as brass instruments, woodwinds, strings, and basso continuo. The continuous bass is played by a group of instruments, depending on the given situation. Many instruments have an Italian or French name which is used as a common name also in English. The use of instruments by composers is shown in examples mostly by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Table of instruments

Common name	Baroque era name	Type	Plural	Baroque era plural	Example of use by Bach	Notes
trumpet	it\|tromba}}	it	brass, trumpet	trumpets	it\|trombe}}	Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172	see also Baroque trumpet}}
tromba da tirarsi	it\|tromba da tirarsi}}	it	brass, trumpet	it\|trombe da tirarsi}}
high trumpet	it\|clarion}}	it	brass, trumpet	it\|clarini}}
cornett	it\|cornetto}}	it	brass, cornett	cornetts	it\|cornetti}}	used with trombones
trombone	it\|trombone}}	it	brass, trombone	trombones	it\|tromboni}}
horn	it\|corno}}	it	brass, horn	horns	it\|corni}}
corno da caccia	it\|corno da caccia}}	it	brass, horn	it\|corni da caccia}}
corno da tirarsi	it\|corno da tirarsi}}	it	brass, horn	it\|corni da tirarsi}}
lituus	it\|lituo}}	it	brass, lituus	lituuses	it\|litui}}
timpani	it\|timpani}}	it	percussion	Christmas Oratorio	used with trumpets
recorder	it\|flauto (dolce)}}	it	woodwind, recorder}}	recorders	it\|flauti (dolci)}}	Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot, BWV 39
descant recorder	it\|flauto piccolo}}	it	woodwind, recorder	it\|flauti piccoli}}	Herr Christ, der einge Gottessohn, BWV 96, Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103}}
transverse flute	it\|flauto traverso}}	it	woodwind, flute	transverse flutes	it\|flauti traversi}}
oboe	it\|oboe}}	it	woodwind, oboe	oboes	it\|oboi}}
oboe d'amore	it\|oboe d'amore}}	it	woodwind, oboe	oboes d'amore	it\|oboi d'amore}}
tenor oboe	fr\|taille}}	fr	woodwind, oboe	fr\|tailles}}
oboe da caccia	it\|oboe da caccia}}	it	woodwind, oboe	oboes da caccia	it\|oboi da caccia}}
bassoon	it\|fagotto}}	it	woodwind, bassoon	bassoons	it\|fagotti}}
violin	it\|violino}}	it	string, Baroque violin}}	violins	it\|violini}}
violin piccolo	it\|violino piccolo}}	it	string, violin	it\|violini piccoli}}	Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 in F major, BWV 1046	main violin
viola	it\|viola}}	it	string, viola	violas	it\|viole}}
cello	it\|violoncello}}	it	string, cello	celli	it\|violoncelli}}
violoncello piccolo}}	{{lang\|it\|violoncello piccolo}}}}	it	string, cello	{{lang\|it\|violoncelli piccoli}}}}
viola d'amore	it\|viola d'amore}}	it	string, viola	it\|viole d'amore}}
viola da gamba	it\|viola da gamba}}	it	string, viol	it\|viole da gamba}}	St John Passion Aria "Es ist vollbracht!"	Basso continuo, but sometimes solo
violetta	it\|violetta}}	it	string, viola	it\|violette}}
violone	it\|violone}}	it	string, viol	it\|violono}}
organ	it\|organo}}	it	key, organ	organs	it\|organi}}
harpsichord	it\|cembalo}}	it	key, harpsichord	harpsichords	it\|cembali}}
lute	it\|liuto}}	it	string, lute	lutes	it\|liuti}}
continuo	it\|basso continuo}}	it	bass group

Baroque instrumentation

The typical orchestra of the Baroque period is based on string instruments (violin, viola) and continuo. A continuous bass is the rule in Baroque music; its absence is worth mentioning and has a reason, such as describing fragility.

The specific character of a movement is often defined by wind instruments, such as oboe, oboe da caccia, oboe d'amore, flauto traverso, recorder, trumpet, horn, trombone, and timpani.

For Bach, some instruments carry symbolic meaning such as a trumpet, the royal instrument of the Baroque, for secular and divine majesty: three trumpets for the Trinity. In arias, Bach often uses obbligato instruments, which correspond with the singer as an equal partner. In his early compositions he used instruments that had become old-fashioned, such as viola da gamba and violone.

Continuo

The basso continuo, or short: continuo, the typical bass group of the period, consists of a group of instruments, depending upon the other instruments playing and the performance location. A group may consist of cello, double bass (an octave lower) and organ. A bassoon is typically playing when other wind instruments are called for. While an organ will be played in church, a harpsichord will be used in secular surroundings.

Trumpet

The trumpet is the royal instrument of the Baroque, representing secular and divine majesty. Three trumpets symbolize the Trinity in an aria of Bach's BWV 172, addressing the "Heiligste Dreifaltigkeit" (Most holy Trinity), where the bass voice is accompanied only by three trumpets and timpani.

Recorder

Recorders (flauti dolci) are sometimes used to express humility or poverty, such as in Bach's cantata {{lang|de|Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot, BWV 39 |italic=unset}}.

Flauto piccolo

Bach used a flauto piccolo, a high recorder in F ("descant recorder" or "sopranino recorder"), to express for example the sparkling of the morning star in Herr Christ, der einge Gottessohn, BWV 96.

1 : Baroque music

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