- Etymology
- Definition
- Standard units
- Uses Hectopascal and millibar units
- See also
- References
- External links
| bgcolour =
| name = Pascal
| image =
| caption = A pressure gauge reading in psi (red scale) and kPa (black scale)
| standard = SI derived unit
| quantity = Pressure or stress
| symbol = Pa
| namedafter = Blaise Pascal
| units1 = SI base units:
| inunits1 = kg⋅m−1⋅s−2
| units2 = US customary units:
| inunits2 = 1.450 × 10−4 psi
| units3 = atmosphere:
| inunits3 = 9.869 × 10−6 atm
| units4 = bar:
| inunits4 = 10−5 bar
}}
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. It is defined as one newton per square metre.[1] It is named after the French polymath Blaise Pascal.
Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa) which is equal to one millibar, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa) which is equal to one centibar.
The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as {{gaps|101|325|u=Pa}}.[2] Meteorological reports in the United States typically state atmospheric pressure in millibars.[3][4] In Canada these reports are given in kilopascals.[5]
Etymology
The unit is named after Blaise Pascal, noted for his contributions to hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, and experiments with a barometer. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre (N/m2) by the 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971.[6]
Definition
The pascal can be expressed using SI derived units, or alternatively solely SI base units, as:
where N is the newton, m is the metre, kg is the kilogram, s is the second, and J is the joule.[7]
One pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of magnitude one newton perpendicularly upon an area of one square metre.
Standard units
The unit of measurement called an atmosphere or a standard atmosphere (atm) is {{convert|101325|Pa|kPa|abbr=on|comma=gaps}}.[8] This value is often used as a reference pressure and specified as such in some national and international standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 2787 (pneumatic tools and compressors), ISO 2533 (aerospace) and ISO 5024 (petroleum). In contrast, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends the use of 100 kPa as a standard pressure when reporting the properties of substances.[9]
Unicode has dedicated code-points {{Unichar|33a9|Square Pa}} and {{Unichar|33AA|Square kPa}} in the CJK Compatibility block, but these exist only for backward-compatibility with some older ideographic character-sets and are therefore deprecated.[10][11]Uses
{{refimprove section|date=January 2016}}The pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa) as a unit of pressure measurement is widely used throughout the world and has largely replaced the pounds per square inch (psi) unit, except in some countries that still use the imperial measurement system or the US customary system, including the United States.
Geophysicists use the gigapascal (GPa) in measuring or calculating tectonic stresses and pressures within the Earth.
Medical elastography measures tissue stiffness non-invasively with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, and often displays the Young's modulus or shear modulus of tissue in kilopascals.
In materials science and engineering, the pascal measures the stiffness, tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. In engineering use, because the pascal represents a very small quantity, the megapascal (MPa) is the preferred unit for these uses.
| Material | Young's modulus |
|---|---|
| nylon 6 | 2–4 GPa |
| hemp fibre | 35 GPa |
| aluminium | 69 GPa |
| tooth enamel | 83 GPa |
| copper | 117 GPa |
| structural steel | 200 GPa |
| diamond | 1220 GPa |
The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of energy density, J/m3. This applies not only to the thermodynamics of pressurised gases, but also to the energy density of electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields.
In measurements of sound pressure or loudness of sound, one pascal is equal to 94 decibels SPL. The quietest sound a human can hear, known as the threshold of hearing, is 0 dB SPL, or 20 µPa.
The airtightness of buildings is measured at 50 Pa.[13]Hectopascal and millibar units
{{main|Bar (unit)}}The units of atmospheric pressure commonly used in meteorology were formerly the bar, which was close to the average air pressure on Earth, and the millibar. Since the introduction of SI units, meteorologists generally measure pressures in hectopascals (hPa) unit, equal to 100 pascals or 1 millibar.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Exceptions include Canada, which use kilopascals (kPa). In many other fields of science, the SI is preferred, which means Pa with a prefix (in multiples of 1000) is preferred.[21][22]
Many countries also use the millibars. In practically all other fields, the kilopascal (1000 pascals) is used instead.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
See also
- Atmospheric pressure which gives the usage of the hbar end the mbar
- Centimetre of water
- Meteorology
- Metric prefix
- Orders of magnitude (pressure)
- Pascal's law
- Pressure measurement
References
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4 |publisher=BIPM |title=Definition of the standard atmosphere|accessdate=2015-02-16}}
3. ^[https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/90fwbg.gif US government atmospheric pressure map]
4. ^[https://s.w-x.co/util/image/map/WEB_Current_Weather_Map_1280x720.jpg?v=ap&w=1280&h=720&api=7db9fe61-7414-47b5-9871-e17d87b8b6a0 The Weather Channel]
5. ^[https://weather.gc.ca/canada_e.html Canadian Weather]
6. ^bipm.fr {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630020548/http://www.bipm.fr/en/convention/cgpm/14/pascal-siemens.html |date=30 June 2007 }}
7. ^Table 3 (Section 2.2.2) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618123613/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html |date=18 June 2007 }}, SI Brochure, International Bureau of Weights and Measures
8. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4|title = Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM|publisher=Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)|year = 1954|accessdate = 2010-04-05}}
9. ^IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3300.pdf|title=CJK Compatibility|accessdate=2016-02-21|date=2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|title=The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0.0|location=Mountain View, CA|date=2015|isbn=978-1-936213-10-8|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0|accessdate=2016-02-21}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html|title=Tensile Modulus - Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus - for some common Materials|accessdate=2015-02-16}}
13. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.resnet.us/hotnews/revised_chapter_seven_final_9-16-10.pdf |title = Chapter 7 ResNet Standards: ResNet National Standard for Home Energy Audits |publisher = ResNet |year = 2010 |accessdate = 2011-03-03 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045004/http://www.resnet.us/hotnews/revised_chapter_seven_final_9-16-10.pdf |archivedate = 26 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.knmi.nl/actueel/|title=KNMI - Weer - Waarnemingen|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.be/meteo/view/fr/68771-FAQ%20sur%20le%20temps.html?view=195695|title=Comment convertir la pression? - IRM|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}
16. ^DWD{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/g3/index.html|title=Japan Meteorological Agency - Weather Maps|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}
18. ^MDD {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506192242/http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=analisiPrevisioniSuolo |date=6 May 2006 }}
19. ^NOAA
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/guide/weather/symbols#units|title=Key to symbols and terms|first=Met Office|last=United Kingdom|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}
21. ^CTV News, weather; current conditions in Montreal {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604131321/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/HTMLTemplate/!ctvDynNews/Weather/Weather?City=Montreal |date=4 June 2011 }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/city/pages/qc-147_metric_e.html|title=Montréal, QC - 7 Day Forecast - Environment Canada|first=Environment|last=Canada|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}
External links
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