| 词条 | Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Lima |
| 释义 |
}}{{Cleanup translation|Language=Spanish}}{{Infobox church |name = Basilica y Convento de Nuestra Señora de la Merced |fullname = |image = Basilica de Nuestra Señora de la Merced. Lima, Perú.jpg |imagesize = 270px |imagelink = |imagealt = |landscape = |caption = Façade |pushpin map = |pushpin label position = |pushpin map alt = |pushpin mapsize = |map caption = |latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = |longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = |coordinates = |osgraw = |osgridref = |location = Lima |country = Peru |denomination = Roman Catholic |previous denomination = |churchmanship = |membership = Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy (Mercedarians) |attendance = |website = |former name = |bull date = |founded date = 1535 |founder = |dedication = Virgin of Mercy |dedicated date = |consecrated date = |cult = |relics = |events = |past bishop = |people = |status = |functional status = |heritage designation = |designated date = |architect = |architectural type = |style = Churrigueresque |groundbreaking = |completed date = 1765 |construction cost = |closed date = |demolished date = |capacity = |length = |width = |width nave = |height = |diameter = |other dimensions = |floor count = |floor area = |dome quantity = |dome height outer = |dome height inner = |dome dia outer = |dome dia inner = |spire quantity = |spire height = |materials = |bells = |bells hung = |bell weight = |parish = |deanery = |archdeaconry = |episcopalarea = |archdiocese = |metropolis = |diocese = |province = |presbytery = |synod = |circuit = |district = |division = |subdivision = |archbishop = |bishop = |dean = |provost = |provost-rector = |viceprovost = |subdean = |precentor = |chancellor = |canonchancellor = |canon = |canonmissioner = |canonpastor = |canontreasurer = |succentor = |archdeacon = |prebendary = |rector = |vicar = |curate = |priestincharge = |priest = |asstpriest = |minister = |assistant = |honpriest = |deacon = |deaconness = |seniorpastor = |pastor = |abbot = |chaplain = |reader = |student intern = |organistdom = |director = |organist = |organscholar = |chapterclerk = |laychapter = |warden = |verger = |businessmgr = |liturgycoord = |reledu = |rcia = |youthmin = |flowerguild = |musicgroup = |parishadmin = |serversguild = |logo = |logosize = |logolink = |logoalt = }} The Minor Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced is a church, designed in the Baroque style known as Churrigueresque, located in Lima, Peru. The church was built under Friar Miguel de Orenes in 1535. The Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, the patroness of the Peruvian Armed Forces, is venerated in the Basilica. The Mercedarians not only evangelized the region but helped develop Lima by building many of the churches preserved today.[1] LocationThe Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced is at the intersection of block 6 of Jirón de la Unión (Calle La Merced) and the first block of the Jirón Antonio Miró Quesada (Calle Jesús Nazareno), in the historic center of Lima. HistoryThe convent and the church of Nuestra Señora de la Merced are as old as the city of Lima. According to historic documents, the lands where the Convent and the Church were built belonged to the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy. On April 13, 1534, Captain Francisco de Becerra donated 6,000 pesos to the Convent of La Natividad de Nuestra Señora, later renamed the Convent of la Madre de Dios de la Merced. Captain Francisco de Becerra's and his wife's bodies are interred in the church crypt. The Mercedarians are a religious order that came to Peru to educate the conquered indigenous people. The first church was made of wood while the current structure is made of adobe and brick. The Baroque portal was carved in 1591 by Cristóbal Gómez. In 1589, three years after an earthquake struck the growing city, Alonso de Morales added a square tower to the church, considered the first high-rise structure in colonial Lima. Three years later the architect Cristóbal Gómez rebuilt the primitive cloister the convent of Santo Domingo as a model. The church chapel of La Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de Agua Santa contained many works of art in the style of Juan Gómez de Mora.[1] The convent refectory contained a two vara (about 1.67 m) tall sculpture of the Virgin of Mercy carved in 1603 by the Sevillian Martín Alonso de Mesa and an earlier (May, 1600) 9 by 5 vara painting by Angelino Medoro. [1] In 1608, the central nave was remodeled and extended along with two collateral naves. The redesign resulted a basilica plant of three open naves with a wide crosier. The process involved replacing chapels walls with half domes and summit lanterns, thus creating arches. This modification of the primitive Isabelline style church, from a single nave with lateral chapels to a three-nave and great crosier structure significantly transformed the interior of the church.[1] The style was duplicated by other Lima churches and spread as an architectural concept throughout South America. The earthquake of 1609 delayed work on the remodeling of the church. The work resumed on January 5, 1613, when Alonso de Arenas and Andrés de Espinoza coordinated the construction of the main chapel, two side chapels, and the transept. In 1687 another earthquake destroyed parts of the church and the Mercedarian convent. Francisco Javier Domínguez was charged with the rebuilding effort. In 1696 the current stone portal was constructed. Between the earthquakes of 1687 and 1746, which destroyed a significant part of the church and the convent, the following additions were made:
The reconstruction of the church and the convent after the earthquake of 1746 lasted for most of the second half of the 18th century. This reconstruction was also impacted by a devastating fire in the sacristy and other part of the church on April 24, 1775. The most important reconstruction work visible today are the following:
In 1757 the founder Francisco de León carried the inscription "Be blessed and praised the Sacred Heart of Jesus," in 1775 the founder Pedro Mexía made the "San José" and in 1787 the founder of Lima Calero, who resided in Maravillas, makes the big bell of 1.56 mts. of diameter. Before the proclamation of Independence of Peru, the presbyter Matías Maestro who introduced Neoclassicism in Lima, rebuilt the altarpiece that was gilded in 1810 by Felix Batlle.[1] In 1860 the architect Guillermo D'Coudry coordinated restoration work at the church. But in the early-20th century the façade of the basilica of La Merced, including the portal, was covered with a thick layer of plaster to resemble an aspect of French architecture. This plaster was removed in 1940 by Emilio Harth-Terr to restore the original appearance by Mercedarian Cristóbal Caballero three hundred years before.[1] Reredos and the Virgin of Mercy{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}The church preserves reredos of diverse styles including sculptures and paintings considered jewels of viceregal art. The altarpiece is less ornate than others in the church and is completely fire-gilded. The center of the altarpiece contains an image of the Virgin of Mercy, invoked since 1615 as the "heavenly protector of the city." In 1730 the Cabildo named her "Perpetual Patroness of the Fields of Lima," following her intercession for field fertility. She was named patroness of the Arms of Peru by the Constituent Congress in 1823. On celebrating the 1st Centenary of the Independence of Peru, the Canonical Coronation of this venerated image was requested. On September 24 of 1921, under the patronage of the President of the Republic, Augusto Leguía and of the Duchess of Goyeneche, and before a crowd of faithful and members of the Armed Forces, she was given the honorable title of Gran Mariscala (Great Marshal). The virgin carries in her hands the shackles and scapular of her Order, a gold scepter and the highest military decorations, and other distinctions for the great devotion to Mary. The image is processed on September 24, escorted and carried by the cadets of the Peruvian Armed Forces and the public. The altar of the Holy Christ of Help, a statue made by Juan Martínez Montañés, whose reliefs are attributed to Martín Alonso de Mesa, depicts the legendary conversations of Christ with Father Urraca. On one occasion his lay brother Sebastían de la Cruz and Ayala, who was charged with attending to the statue's worship, was given a blessing by its unclasped hand. The remains of Father Urraca, are buried at the foot of the altar of communion. At the cross located at the entrance of the church, where Father Urraca sought penance, for three centuries people have knelt to this venerable friar to beg for a miracle. Further informationThe façade is a finished sample of the Liman Churrigueresque style with the venerated statue of the Virgin of Mercy in a central niche, surrounded by other images. The convent now has three cloisters: The main cloister is large, with corner altars containing baseboards with azulejos. The cloister of the Doctors is named for a series of reliefs that depicts several Mercedarians who were professors of the University of San Marcos. Also in this cloister, the College of the Virgin of Mercy operated from 1917 to 1972. A third cloister is called the Novitiate. The main cloister and cloister of the Doctors are separated by a monumental staircase covered by a dome. In the library contains very old religious books and the chair where the Friar Pedro Urraca sat and is now considered a relic. In the sacristy is the famous Cross of the Conquest brought by the Mercedarians. In the Basílica y Convento de la Merced some niches contain statues depicting the Lord of Huanca, the Lord of Cachuy and regional invocations of Jesus Crucified. Friar Urraca{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}Friar Pedro Urraca was born in Villa de Jadraque in Aragón, Spain, in 1583, at the age of 19 traveled to Peru. Legends report that the ship he traveled on to Peru was nearly shipwrecked because of a great storm that endangered the lives of the crew. Pedro Urraca offered his life to the Virgin for the safety of the crew and himself. The sea settled and the ship continued to safely Quito where Pedro Urraca began his novitiate. He was next sent to Peru. During his life he wore cilice and iron chains on his body as penance. After thirty years the chains were embedded in the flesh producing deep sores. Doctors withdrew the chains by order of the confessor. After many years he returned to Spain, where he became Spiritual Director for Queen Elisabeth of France, consort of King Philip IV of Spain. Although he was asked to stay at the Court, he returned to Lima where he died on August 7, 1657 at the age. His remains are located in the floor of the church, in the nave of the epistle, where there is an inscription that reads: "In this place and under the earth rests the body of the Servant of God Friar Pedro Urraca de the Holy Trinity". His cause for Beatification began in Rome on April 29 of 1682. His virtues were proclaimed on January 31 of 1981 and he was declared Venerable by Pope John Paul II. References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite|url=http://forosdelavirgen.org/286/nuestra-senora-de-la-merced-peru-24-de-septiembre/|title=La Gran Mariscala del Perú: Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Perú (24 de septiembre)|website=forosdelavirgen.org}} Bibliography
7 : Tourist attractions in Lima|Roman Catholic churches in Lima|Churrigueresque architecture in Peru|1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire|Roman Catholic churches completed in 1765|Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Basilica churches in Peru |
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