| 释义 |
- Origin of term
- The native people
- History Delhi Sultanate and the last Afghan Empire European influence Bannu Resolution Independence of Pakistan in 1947
- 21st century Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Gallery
- See also
- References
- Further reading
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pashtunistan
| native_name = پښتونستان
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Pashtun-inhabited regions in green (1980)
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Countries
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
{{Flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rural_footnotes =
| area_metro_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = c. 42–50 million[5][2][3]
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = 30 and 00
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| blank_name = Largest cities
| blank_info = {{hlist
|Peshawar
|Kabul
|Quetta
|Kandahar
|Mardan
|Mingora
|Jalalabad
|Ghazni
|Kunduz
|Khost
|Lashkargah
|D.I. Khan}}
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Ethnic groups| demographics1_info1 = Pashtuns| demographics2_footnotes = | demographics1_title2 = Languages| demographics1_info2 = Pashto
Minor: Persian, Urdu, Hindko, Balochi, Ormuri, Parachi, Dardic, Nuristani| website = | footnotes =}}Pashtūnistān ({{lang-ps|پښتونستان}}; also called Pakhtūnistān,[{{cite book|title = Students' Britannica India | volume=1-5|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=Ghaffar Khan, who opposed the partition, chose to live in Pakistan, where he continued to fight for the rights of the Pashtun minority and for joining Afghanistan. Afghanistan means literally land of the pashtuns! the Homeland of the Pashtun people is Afghanistan |isbn = 9780852297605 |year = 2000 }}]
5. ^{{cite book|title = The Modern Review, Volume 86|publisher = Prabasi Press Private|quote=The Afghan Government is actively sympathetic towards their demand for a Pathanistan. It has been declared by the Afghan Parliament that Afghanistan does not recognise the Durand line...|accessdate = 2009-06-07|year = 1949}}
6. ^{{cite book|title = The Spectator |volume=184|publisher = F.C. Westley|quote=Instead it adopted the programme of an independent "Pathanistan" — a programme calculated to strike at the very roots of the new Dominion. More recently the Pathanistan idea has been taken up by Afghanistan. |accessdate = 2009-06-07 |year = 1950}}
7. ^Various spellings result from different pronunciation in various Pashto dialects. See Pashto language: Dialects for further information.
8. ^{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Vedanta |last1=Nath |first1=Samir |volume=|year=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7890-056-4|page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGBaXO54-HwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-10}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html|title=The History of Herodotus Chapter 7|work=Translated by George Rawlinson|publisher=The History Files|accessdate=2007-01-10}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|last1=Houtsma|first1=Martijn Theodoor|authorlink=|volume=2|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|location=Leipzig|isbn=90-04-08265-4|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}
11. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |publisher=alamahabibi.com |work=Abdul Hai Habibi|year=1969|accessdate=2010-10-24}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |title=The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8) |accessdate=2010-08-22|author=Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |location=London |year=1560 |authorlink=Firishta}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1074272.html|title=Controversial Proposal Of 'Pashtunistan'|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/weekinreview/06shane.html|title=The War in Pashtunistan|work=The New York Times|first=Scott|last=Shane|date=5 December 2009|accessdate=2 October 2017}}
15. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |title=Electoral History of NWFP |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archivedate=10 August 2013}}
16. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.om/books?id=NRsuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&dq=referendum+nwfp+1947&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVp879k6beAhXMD8AKHS9kBG8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=referendum%20nwfp%201947&f=false|title=A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III|accessdate=25 July 2017|author=Michael Brecher|publisher=Springer}}
17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC&printsec=frontcover#PPA107,M1 |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=10 July 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/|title=Was Jinnah democratic? — II|website=Daily Times|date=December 25, 2011|access-date=February 24, 2019}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800331-everything-in-afghanistan-is-done-in-the-name-of-religion-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-806546-2014-01-31|title=Everything in Afghanistan is done in the name of religion: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|accessdate=13 January 2014|publisher=India Today}}
20. ^[https://tribune.com.pk/story/77388/the-faqir-of-ipi-of-north-waziristan/ The Faqir of Ipi of North Waziristan]. The Express Tribune. November 15, 2010.
21. ^[https://tribune.com.pk/story/1086737/april-1891-1960-the-legendary-guerilla-faqir-of-ipi-unremembered-on-his-115th-anniversary/ The legendary guerilla Faqir of Ipi unremembered on his 115th anniversary]. The Express Tribune. April 18, 2016.
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.pashtoonkhwa.com/?page=pashtoonkhwa&id=89|title = Pashtu Literature Part II|publisher = Pashtoonkhwa|quote=The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. The British, Indian leaders and even the Khudai- Khidmatgars were using Pathanistan for Pakhtunistan in the beginning, but later on they started using the word Pakhtunistan.|accessdate = 2009-06-07}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2006/The_Problem_of_Pukhtunistan.shtml|title = The Problem of Pukhtunistan|publisher = Khyber Gateway |quote=The word Pathanistan is not Persian but Indian. It shows that the Khalifa had already acquired the consent of the Muslim leaders of India or these leaders might have motivated the Khalifa to first liberate the Pukhtuns' land (Pathanistan) to build up a strong base against the British Empire in India|accessdate = 2009-06-07}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Faultlines, Volume 18|year=2007|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|page=59|quote=The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. Obaidullah Sindhi used Pashtania for Pashtu speaking area of his Proposed People's Republic of India or Saro-Rajia-i-Hind (Obaidullah's letter to Iqbal Shaidai on 22 June 1924), Muhammad Aslam, Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi Kay Siasi Maktubat, Lahore: Niduatal Musanifeen, 1966, p. 34; The report entitled Conditions in India, of the delegation sent out to India in 1932 by the India League under the Chairmanship of Bertrand Russell, devoted a chapter to the NWFP, noting: "...It was also stated to us by a very high official that Abdul Ghaffar Khan's real plan was to create a "Pathanistan" and not to work for Indian self-Government".}}
25. ^Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi. Oxford University Press.
26. ^{{Cite book|title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America|last1=Janda|first1=Kenneth |authorlink= |author2=Jeffrey M. Berry |author3=Jerry Goldman|volume=|edition=9|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|quote=Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population)..."|location=|isbn=0-618-81017-X|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}
27. ^{{Cite book|title=Congressional Record|last1=|first1=|authorlink=|volume=|edition=|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=|isbn=|page=10088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&lpg=PA9979&pg=PA10088#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}
28. ^{{Cite book|title=Asian Security to the Year 2000|last1=Taylor|first1=William J. Jr.|authorlink=|author2=Abraham Kim|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=DIANE Publishing|location=|isbn=1-4289-1368-8|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}
29. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages|title=AFGHANISTAN v. Languages|quote=Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans...|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|work=Ch. M. Kieffer|accessdate=2010-10-24}}
30. ^{{Cite book|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|authorlink=|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|volume=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=Elsevie|quote=Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.|location=|isbn=0-08-087774-5|page=845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA845#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}
31. ^{{Cite book|title=September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives|last1=Hawthorne|first1=Susan|authorlink=|author2=Bronwyn Winter|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=Spinifex Press|quote=Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun...|location=|isbn=1-876756-27-6|page=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-24}}
32. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_3_10.pdf |journal=European Journal of Social Sciences |volume=8 |number=3 |title=Poverty Alleviation Through Power-Sharing in Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221202402/http://www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_3_10.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-21 |access-date=5 April 2010}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |title=Pakistan Census report 1998 |publisher=Government of Pakistan |year=1998 |accessdate=2010-10-29 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm|archivedate=2011-09-12}}
34. ^{{Cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan|work=Library of Congress|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan|date=August 2008|accessdate=2010-09-10}}
35. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternAfghans.htm|title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia)|work=|publisher=The History Files|accessdate=2010-08-16}}
36. ^{{Cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan – VII. History |author=John Ford Shroder |publisher= |accessdate=2009-10-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwDUj6WJ?url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archivedate=October 31, 2009 |df= }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astrojyoti.com/medieval-history-39.htm|title=You are being redirected...|website=www.astrojyoti.com}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.no/books?id=MKlEXIVxwj4C&pg=PA2001&lpg=PA2001&dq=turko+afghan&source=bl&ots=JUzSse7pfW&sig=peF9Mkme7PrsQXAHlaTcTaBqhok&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0jOKthqTZAhWGECwKHan8CVsQ6AEITzAF#v=onepage&q=turko+afghan&f=false|title=Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India|first=Amalendu|last=Misra|date=30 August 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|via=Google Books}}
39. ^http://khyberwatch.com/ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007162136/http://khyberwatch.com/cute/example2.php?subaction=showfull&id=1147384716&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |date=2007-10-07 }}
40. ^Roberts, J(2003) The origins of conflict in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|0-275-97878-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-275-97878-5}}, pp. 92-94
41. ^{{cite book |last=Ali Shah |first=Sayyid Vaqar |date=1993 |title=Afghanistan and the Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Emjay Books International |page=256 |isbn= |editor1-first=Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan |editor1-last=Marwat}}
42. ^{{cite book |last1=H Johnson |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Howard Johnson |last2=Zellen |first2=Barry |date=2014 |title=Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=154 |isbn= 9780804789219}}
43. ^1 {{cite book|author=Barnett R. Rubin|title=Afghanistan from the Cold War Through the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXIRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA367|date=25 March 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022927-6|pages=367–}}
44. ^1 Zalmay Khalilzad, "The Security of Southwest Asia", University of Michigan, 2006, {{ISBN|0-566-00651-0}}
45. ^{{cite book |last=Caron |first=James M |date=2009 |title=Cultural Histories of Pashtun Nationalism, Public Participation, and Social Inequality in Monarchic Afghanistan, 1905-1960|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=8aGpYgEACAAJ}}
46. ^The Pashtunistan Issue, Craig Baxter (1997), Library of Congress Country Studies.
47. ^1 2 Rizwan Hussain. Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan. 2005. p. 74.
48. ^Paul Wolf. "Pashtunistan." Pakistan: Partition and Military Succession. 2004.
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/21/afghanistan|title=Nushin Arbabzadah: Sardar Daud Khan remembered|first=Nushin|last=Arbabzadah|date=21 March 2009|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com}}
50. ^"Remembering Our Warriors: Babar 'the great'." Interview of Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Naseerullah Khan Babar, by A. H. Amin. Defence Journal. April 2001. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://wondersofpakistan.wordpress.com/2009/04/13/punja-sahib-the-miracle-at-hassan-abdal/|title=Punja Sahib: The Miracle at Hassan Abdal|work=Wonders of Pakistan|accessdate=6 May 2016}}
52. ^Feroz Ahmed. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569059 "Pushtoonistan and the Pushtoon National Question."] (Sep., 1973) Pakistan Forum, Vol. 3, No. 12. September 1973. pp. 8-19+22.
53. ^Senlis Afghanistan-http://www.icosgroup.net/modules/reports/Afghanistan_on_the_brink: Retrieved 23 December 2010
54. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk|title=Pakistan population: 187,342,721 [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%]|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|year=2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble |quote=From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.|year=2004 |accessdate=June 13, 2012}}
56. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghan-army-struggles-with-ethnic-divisions/ |title = Afghan Army Struggles With Ethnic Divisions |date = July 27, 2010 |publisher = CBS News |quote = Despite ethnic quotas and recruiting drives, the Afghan army is still dominated by northern minorities who were oppressed by the Taliban. Nearly all Taliban are ethnic Pashtuns. }}
57. ^H. G. Raverty (1898) Tarikh-e-Farishtah; Notes on Afghanistan; Peshawar District Gazetteer 1897-98.
58. ^1 Olaf Caroe. The Pathans 1981.
59. ^{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/379175/re-evaluation-of-our-afghan-policy/|title=Re-evaluation of our Afghan policy|work=Express Tribune|date=15 May 2012|accessdate=16 May 2012}}
60. ^BBC News Online – Pakistan debates key amendment bill Retrieved 5 April 2010
61. ^Dawn News – Consensus reached on renaming NWFP Retrieved 5 April 2010
Further reading{{Contains Pashto text}}- Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
- Ahmad, M.(1989) Pukhtunkhwa Kiyun Nahin by Mubarak Chagharzai. pp. 138–139.
- Amin, Tahir (1988) -National Language Movements of Pakistan. Islamabad Institute of Policy Studies.
- Buzan, Barry and Rizvi, Gowher (1986), South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, London: Macmillan. p. 73.
- Fürstenberg, Kai (2012) Waziristan: Solutions for a Troubled Region in Spotlight South Asia, No. 1, ISSN 2195-2787 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205431/http://www.apsa.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SSA-1.pdf)
- Caroe, Olaf (1983) The Pathans, with an Epilogue on Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465.
{{Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}}{{Nationalism in South Asia}}{{Pashtun nationalism}} 12 : Historical regions|Iranian countries and territories|Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Divided regions|Durand line|Geography of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Irredentism|Pashto-speaking countries and territories|Pashto words and phrases|Regions of Afghanistan|Regions of Pakistan|Cultural regions |