| 词条 | Battle for Castle Itter |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle for Castle Itter | partof = World War II | image = Schloss Itter in 1979.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Schloss Itter (Castle Itter) in 1979 | date = {{Start date|1945|05|05}} | place = Itter Castle, Austria | coordinates = {{coord|47|28|13.82|N|12|8|22.33|E|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:AT|display=it}} | map_type = Austria | result = Allied victory | combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}}
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Wehrmacht Heer soldiers{{flagdeco|Austria}} Austrian resistance | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} Capt. John C. "Jack" Lee, Jr. {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} Lieutenant Harry Basse Maj. Josef Gangl{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag Schutzstaffel.svg}} Hauptsturmführer Kurt-Siegfried Schrader[1] | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag Schutzstaffel.svg}} Oberführer Georg Bochmann | strength1 = 16 Americans 11 Wehrmacht 1 Waffen SS officer several French prisoners 1 medium tank (M4 Sherman) Reinforcements: elements of 104th Infantry Division (including 2 Germans & 1 Austrian) 3 medium tanks (M4 Shermans) | strength2 = 150-200 Waffen SS 1 Flak 41 88mm | casualties1 = 1 medium tank destroyed 1 Wehrmacht defector killed 4 wounded | casualties2 = unknown 100 captured[2] | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}} }} The Battle for Castle Itter was fought in the Austrian North Tyrol village of Itter on 5 May 1945, in the last days of the European Theater of World War II. Troops of the 23rd Tank Battalion of the 12th Armored Division of the US XXI Corps led by Captain John C. "Jack" Lee, Jr., a number of Wehrmacht soldiers led by Major Josef "Sepp" Gangl, SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt-Siegfried Schrader, and recently freed French prisoners of war defended Castle Itter against an attacking force from the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division until relief from the American 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 36th Division of XXI Corps arrived. The French prisoners included former prime ministers, generals and a tennis star. It is the only known time during the war in which Americans and Germans fought side-by-side. Popular accounts of the battle have called it the strangest battle of World War II.{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=2}} BackgroundItter Castle ({{lang-de|Schloss Itter}}) is a small castle situated on a hill near the village of Itter in Austria.{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=5}} After the 1938 Anschluss, the German government officially leased the castle in late 1940 from its owner, Franz Grüner.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=11–13}} The castle was seized from Grüner by SS Lieutenant General Oswald Pohl under the orders of Heinrich Himmler on 7 February 1943. The transformation of the castle into a prison camp was completed by 25 April 1943, and the facility was placed under the administration of the Dachau concentration camp.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=11–13}} The prison was established to contain high-profile French prisoners valuable to the Reich.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=21–22}}[3] Notable prisoners included tennis player Jean Borotra,{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=45–46}} former prime ministers Édouard Daladier{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=25–30}} and Paul Reynaud,{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=43–44}} former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=53–55}} and Maurice Gamelin,{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=27–28}} Charles de Gaulle's elder sister Marie-Agnès Cailliau,{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=59–62}} right-wing leader and closet French resistance member François de La Rocque,{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=57}} and trade union leader Léon Jouhaux.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=36–37}} Besides the VIP prisoners, the castle held a number of Eastern European prisoners detached from Dachau, who were used for maintenance and other menial work.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=72 and 181}} BattleOn 3 May 1945, Zvonimir Čučković, an imprisoned Yugoslav communist resistance member from Croatia who worked as a handyman at the prison,{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=23–24}} left the castle on the pretense of performing an errand for the prison's commander {{ill|Sebastian Wimmer (SS officer)|lt=Sebastian Wimmer|de|Sebastian Wimmer (Polizist)}}. Čučković carried with him a letter in English seeking Allied assistance he was to give to the first American he encountered. The town of Wörgl lay {{convert|5|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off|0}} down the mountains but was still occupied by German troops. Čučković instead pressed on up the Inn River valley towards Innsbruck {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} distant. Late that evening, he reached the outskirts of the city and encountered an advance party of the 409th Infantry Regiment of the American 103rd Infantry Division of the US VI Corps and informed them of the castle's prisoners.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=103–107}} They were unable to authorize a rescue on their own but promised Čučković an answer from their headquarters unit by morning of 4 May. At dawn, a heavily armored rescue was mounted but was stopped by heavy shelling just past Jenbach around halfway to Itter, then recalled by superiors for encroaching into territory of the U.S. 36th Division to the east. Only two jeeps of auxiliary personnel continued. Upon Čučković's failure to return, and the death at the prison of the former commander of Dachau Eduard Weiter {{sfn|Harding|2013|p=96}} under suspicious circumstances on 2 May, Wimmer feared for his own life and abandoned his post. The SS-Totenkopfverbände guards departed the castle soon after, with the prisoners taking control of the castle and arming themselves with the weaponry that remained.{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=107}} Failing to learn of the result of Čučković's effort, prison leaders accepted the offer of its Czech cook, Andreas Krobot, to bicycle to Wörgl mid-day on 4 May in hopes of reaching help there. Armed with a similar note, he succeeded in contacting Austrian resistance in that town, which had recently been abandoned by Wehrmacht forces but reoccupied by roaming Waffen-SS troops. He was taken to Major Josef Gangl, commander of the remains of a unit of Wehrmacht soldiers who had defied an order to retreat and instead thrown in with the local resistance, being made its head.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=95–97}} Gangl sought to maintain his unit's position in the town to protect local residents from SS reprisals. Nazi loyalists would shoot at any window displaying either a white- or Austrian flag, and would summarily execute males as possible deserters. Gangl's hopes were pinned on the Americans reaching Wörgl promptly and surrendering to them.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=109–112}} Instead, he would now have to approach them under a white flag to ask for their help. Around the same time, a reconnaissance unit of four Sherman tanks of the 23rd Tank Battalion, 12th Armored Division of the US XXI Corps, under the command of Captain Lee, had reached Kufstein, Austria, {{convert|8|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} to the north. There, in the town square, it idled while waiting for the 12th to be relieved by the 36th Infantry Division. Asked to provide relief by Gangl, Lee did not hesitate, volunteering to lead the rescue mission and immediately earning permission from his HQ. After a personal reconnaissance of the Castle with Gangl in the major's Kübelwagen, Lee left two of his tanks behind but requisitioned five more and supporting infantry from the recently arrived 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 36th. En route, Lee was forced to send the reinforcements back when a bridge proved too tenuous for the entire column to cross once, let alone twice. Leaving one of his tanks behind to guard it, he set back off accompanied only by 14 American soldiers, Gangl, and a driver, and a truck carrying ten former German artillerymen.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=121–124}} {{convert|4|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} from the castle, they defeated a party of SS troops that had been attempting to set up a roadblock. In the meantime, the French prisoners had requested an SS officer, Kurt-Siegfried Schrader, whom they had befriended in Itter during his convalescence from wounds, to take charge of their defense. Upon Lee's arrival at the castle, prisoners greeted the rescuing force warmly but were disappointed at its small size.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=124–128}} Lee placed the men under his command in defensive positions around the castle and positioned his tank, Besotten Jenny, at the main entrance. Lee had ordered the French prisoners to hide, but they remained outside and fought alongside the American and Wehrmacht soldiers.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=146–152}} Throughout the night, the defenders were harried by a reconnaissance force sent to assess their strength and probe the fortress for weaknesses. On the morning of 5 May, a force of 100–150{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=144}} Waffen-SS launched their attack.{{sfn|Mayer|1945}} Before the main assault began, Gangl was able to phone Alois Mayr, the Austrian resistance leader in Wörgl, and request reinforcements. Only two more German soldiers under his command and a teenage Austrian resistance member, Hans Waltl, could be spared, and they quickly drove to the castle.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=145}} The Sherman tank provided machine-gun fire support until it was destroyed by German fire from an 88 mm gun; it was occupied at the time only by a radioman seeking to repair the tank's faulty radio, who escaped without injury.[4] Meanwhile, by early afternoon, word had finally reached the 142nd of the desperation of the defenders' plight, and a relief force was dispatched.[4] Aware he had been unable to give the 142nd complete information on the enemy and its disposition before communications had been severed, Lee accepted tennis star Borotra's offer to vault the castle wall and run the gauntlet of SS strongpoints and ambushes to deliver it.[5] He succeeded, requested a uniform, then joined the force as it made haste to reach the prison before its defenders fired their last rounds of ammunition. The relief force arrived around 16:00, and the SS were promptly defeated.{{sfn|Harding|2013|pp=157–161}} Some 100 SS prisoners were reportedly taken.[2] The French prisoners were evacuated towards France that evening,[6] reaching Paris on 10 May.[7] Historical significanceFor his service defending the castle, Lee received the Distinguished Service Cross.{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=165}} Gangl died during the battle[7] from a rifle bullet while trying to move former French prime minister Reynaud out of harm's way{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=150}} and was honored as an Austrian national hero,[8] and a street in Wörgl was named after him.{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=169}}[9] Popular accounts of the battle have dubbed it the strangest battle of World War II.{{sfn|Roberts|2013}}{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=2}} The battle was fought five days after Adolf Hitler had committed suicide{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=2}} and only two days before the signing of Germany's unconditional surrender. It was also the only battle where Americans and Germans fought alongside one another during the war.{{sfn|Roberts|2013}} In popular cultureThe battle is featured in the National Geographic TV series Hitler's Last Stand finale "Enemy Allies." A movie of the incident, titled The Last Battle and directed by Peter Landesman, is planned for development by Studiocanal. A release date has not yet been confirmed.[10][11] The movie is a film adaptation of Stephen Harding's book of the same name. The tenth track of Swedish metal band Sabaton's 2016 album The Last Stand, titled "The Last Battle", depicts the events of the battle.[12] A board game about the battle was designed in 2018 by designer David Thompson and published by Dan Verssen Games. Titled "Castle Itter: the Strangest Battle of World War II," the game allows players to take on the role of the defenders of the castle. [13] References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/review/last-battle-when-us-and-german-soldiers-joined-forces-waning-hours-world-war-ii-europe | title=The Last Battle: When U.S. and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe | work=New York Journal of Books | date=23 April 2013 | accessdate=27 July 2013 | author=Nutter, Thomas}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32622651|title=The Austrian castle where Nazis lost to German-US force|work=BBC News}} 3. ^{{cite book | last1 = Piekałkiewicz | first1 = Janusz | title = Secret Agents, Spies, and Saboteurs: Famous Undercover Missions of World War II | publisher = William Morrow | year = 1974}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.miwsr.com/2014-024.aspx | title=The Last Battle: When U.S. and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe | work=Michigan War Studies Review | date=March 21, 2014 | accessdate=26 September 2014 | author=Lateiner, Donald}} 5. ^Leon-Jouhaux, Prison pour hommes d'Etat, 157. 6. ^Der Ort des Terrors (2005; edited by Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder), volume 2 ({{ISBN|978-3406529627}}) 7. ^1 Volker Koop's In Hitlers Hand: die Sonder- und Ehrenhäftlinge der SS (2010) 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/world-war-iis-strangest-battle-when-americans-and-germans-fought-together|title=World War II's Strangest Battle: When Americans and Germans Fought Together|work=The Daily Beast|date= 12 May 2013|access-date=26 August 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.strassensuche.at/web/de/sepp-gangl--strasse-woergl|title=Sepp Gangl-Straße in Wörgl • Strassensuche.at|work=Strassensuche.at}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5138232/|title=The Last Battle|publisher=|via=www.imdb.com}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=http://deadline.com/2017/01/peter-landesman-the-last-battle-wwii-drama-studiocanal-the-picture-company-1201894006/|title=Peter Landesman To Helm 'The Last Battle' For Studiocanal And The Picture Company|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2017-01-25|work=Deadline|access-date=2017-10-21|language=en-US}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-last-battle/|title=The last battle - Lyrics {{!}} Sabaton – Official website and headquarters|last=Sabaton|work=Sabaton – Official website and headquarters|access-date=2017-09-29|language=en-US}}; Album review concerning The Last Stand on soundboardmagazine.com.; Album review concerning The Last Stand on metalnexus.net. 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/11606594/castle-itter-the-strangest-battle-of-wwii|title=Castle Itter Kickstarter Entry|accessdate=2018-11-30}} Bibliography
External links
7 : 1945 in Austria|Battles and operations of World War II involving France|Battles of World War II involving Germany|Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States|Conflicts in 1945|Western European Campaign (1944–1945)|May 1945 events |
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