| 词条 | Battle of Drummond's Island |
| 释义 |
|conflict = Battle of Drummond's Island |partof = the United States Exploring Expedition |image = Tabiteuean warriors of the Gilberts Islands, about 1840.png |image_size = 300 |caption = Drummond Island warriors, drawn by Alfred Agate |date = {{start date|1841|04|09}} |place = Drummond's Island, Gilbert Islands |coordinates = {{coord|1|21|00|N|174|48|00|E|region:KI-L_type:isle|display=title}} |result = American victory |combatant1 = United States Navy |combatant2 = Island natives |commander1 = {{ubl|William L. Hudson|William M. Walker}} |commander2 = Unknown |strength1 = {{ubl|~20 marines|~60 sailors |1 sloop-of-war|1 schooner|7 armed boats}} |strength2 = ~700 warriors |casualties1 = {{ubl|1 killed |7 armed boats damaged}} |casualties2 = 12 killed |campaignbox = {{United States Exploring Expedition}} }} The Battle of Drummond's Island was a conflict between the United States Exploring Expedition and the village of Utiroa on April 1841 at Drummond's Island, which is now named Tabiteuea. [1] The cause of the conflict was the disappearance of the American seaman John Anderson, who was suspected to have been murdered by the village natives. In retaliation, the members of the expedition killed twelve of the natives and burned the village to the ground. [2] BackgroundThe USS Peacock was commanded by Lieutenant William L. Hudson, the commander of the United States Exploring Expedition. Charles Wilkes had ordered Hudson to explore Drummond's Island, named after a member of the expedition. Lieutenant Hudson learned from a member of his crew that a merchant ship had wrecked on a reef off the island's northwest coast years before. Most of its crew were massacred, except for a "white woman"{{cn|date=October 2018}} and a child, who was supposed to still be alive.{{cn|date=October 2018}} On April 6, the Peacock anchored off Utiroa on Drummond's Island. Hudson went ashore with a couple of Navy officers, a marine detachment, as well as the Scientific Corps.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Initially, the natives were described as calm and peaceful;{{whom|date=October 2018}} they led the Americans to their village center. {{lang|gil|Tabiteuea}} means "land of no chiefs"{{cn|date=October 2018}} in Gilbertese,{{cn|date=October 2018}} and the natives themselves practiced egalitarianism,{{cn|date=October 2018}} which meant the Americans had no tribal chief, or leader, to consult with.[3] Utiroa was said to be where the massacre had taken place. Other than studying the flora and fauna of the island, Hudson wanted to inquire about the shipwreck and the stranded woman and child. The natives spoke nothing of the incident but "parts of the vessel were found"{{cn|date=October 2018}} inside the village's huts, though most of the buildings were deemed off-limits.[4] The Americans returned to their ship after several hours but returned the next day, April 7. All was well until Lieutenant Hudson and his men were on their way back to the Peacock. They noticed that a member of the procession, seaman John Anderson, was missing.{{cn|date=October 2018}} A search was undertaken which went unnoticed by the Gilbertese, who appeared to be arming themselves with swords, spears, and other weapons.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Eventually, the search was discontinued. As the Americans were boarding their gig and armed boats, the natives tried to surround the sailors and marines. The natives threw rocks and waved their weapons as the boats shoved off. No one was harmed; Lieutenant Hudson decided to wait for Anderson until April 9, by which time the {{USS|Flying Fish|1838|6}} had arrived.[4] BattleAfter it became apparent that the sailor would not return, Hudson attacked the town to administer punishment against the natives.{{cn|date=October 2018}} About eighty marines and sailors under Lieutenant William M. Walker of the Marine Corps were divided into three sections and landed at daylight. Meanwhile, the Peacock maneuvered into firing position off Utiroa and the Flying Fish covered the landing of men in seven boats. In case the landing party was overwhelmed, the schooner would provide covering fire and rescue the survivors.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Around 700 Gilbertese warriors were dancing in the jungle near the beach and as the boats pulled in, Lieutenant Walker demanded they let Seaman Anderson go. However, the demand was ignored and the natives entered the water and headed for the boats, forcing them to retreat for a small distance. After this Walker turned his boats around and opened fire with a rocket at the mass of warriors.{{cn|date=October 2018}} He then ordered his men to begin volley fire and devastated the natives according to the Peacock The Gilbertese were not gone for long. Many returned to defend their villages and they unsuccessfully skirmished with Americans for hours. When all the buildings of Utiroa were burned, Walker and his men moved on to another nearby village and destroyed it as well.{{cn|date=October 2018}} They then tried to inquire about the shipwrecked survivors but again nothing was uncovered so Lieutenant Walker led his men back to the boats. There were no American combat casualties, but the armed boats were damaged in some way during the action, and they were repaired aboard USS Peacock as she sailed to rejoin Commander Wilkes in the sloop-of-war {{USS|Vincennes|1826|6}} with the USS Flying Fishing company. Twelve islanders were killed in the fighting and others were wounded.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Later during the expedition, the Peacock sank without loss of life in July 1841, while sailing into the mouth of the Columbia River.[6] Similar expeditions
References1. ^Ellsworth, pp. 72–74 Bibliography2. ^{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3007323|title=Narrative of the United States exploring expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842.|last=Wilkes|first=Charles|date=|publisher=Lea and Blanchard|year=1845|isbn=|location=Philadelphia|pages=56-61}} 3. ^Macdonald, p. 38 4. ^1 Ellsworth, pp. 72–73 5. ^Ellsworth, p. 73 6. ^Ellsworth, p. 74
4 : Gilbert Islands|Maritime incidents in April 1841|Naval operations and battles|United States Exploring Expedition |
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