| 词条 | Pasteur Bizimungu |
| 释义 |
|name = Pasteur Bizimungu |image = |office = 3rd President of Rwanda |vicepresident = Paul Kagame |primeminister = Faustin Twagiramungu Pierre-Célestin Rwigema Bernard Makuza |term_start = 19 July 1994 |term_end = 23 March 2000 |predecessor = Théodore Sindikubwabo |successor = Paul Kagame |birth_date = 1950 |birth_place = Gisenyi, Rwanda |death_date = |death_place = |party = Rwandan Patriotic Front (1990-2000) Party for Democratic Renewal (2001- ) |spouse = Serafina Bizimungu |religion = }} Pasteur Bizimungu (born 1950) was the third President of Rwanda, holding office from 19 July 1994 until 23 March 2000. Early lifeA Rwandan, Bizimingu was born in the Gisenyi prefecture of Rwanda.[1] According to the academic Filip Reyntjens, Bizimungu had ties to radical anti-Tutsi groups as a student in the 1970s, but later joined the RPF. He served as President of Rwanda after the 1994 genocide. Relationship to MRNDIn the 1980s and '90s, Bizimungu worked within the Hutu MRND government which ruled Rwanda until 1994. Prior to 1990, Bizimungu had close ties to Hutu president Juvénal Habyarimana.[1] During this period, he held several positions, including director-general of Electrogaz, the national electricity company.[1] In 1990 he joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) after his brother, a colonel in the Rwandan Armed Forces, was murdered.[2] At the time, the RPF was just beginning its invasion of Rwanda from Uganda, starting the Rwandan Civil War.[1] Bizimungu lived in exile in Belgium, serving as the party's information officer.[6] In 1993, he helped negotiate the 1993 Arusha Accords.[1] After Habyarimana's death in a plane crash on 6 April 1994, ethnic extremists unleashed the Rwandan genocide. PresidencyIn July 1994 the RPF gained control of the country and established a national unity government. The de facto RPF leader, Paul Kagame, was chosen as vice president, and Bizimungu became president. During Bizimungu's administration, many believed that he was merely a figurehead, and Kagame held the real power.[2] Bizimungu soon found himself in conflict with Kagame over what Bizimungu argued was unjustified repression of dissent.[1] Critics accused Bizimungu of corruption, alleging that he had blocked Parliament's attempts to censure corrupt ministers, refused to pay compensation to evicted residents on one of his building sites, and dodged Rwandan taxes by registering two of his trucks in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[2] Bizimungu resigned in March 2000 in a dispute over the make-up of a new cabinet, and Kagame became president.[6] Party for Democratic RenewalIn May 2001, Bizimungu founded a new political party, the Party for Democratic Renewal (PDR), known as Ubuyanja in Kinyarwanda. It was almost immediately banned by the government, which accused it of being a radical Hutu party. Bizimungu was arrested, and Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience.[3] He was placed under house arrest for continuing the operations of the party on 19 April 2002 and charged with endangering the state. On 7 June 2004 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for attempting to form a militia, inciting violence, and embezzlement. He received a five-year sentence for each of these convictions, which were to run consecutively.[4] On 17 February 2006, Bizimungu's appeal, based on the fact that he was convicted of crimes different from those with which he was initially charged, was denied by the Supreme Court.[5] He was released on 6 April 2007, having been pardoned by Kagame. Kagame gave no explanation of the pardon.[6] As of April 2011, PDR co-founder and later co-defendant Charles Ntakirutinka remained in prison, and was named an Amnesty International "priority case."[7] FamilyBizimungu's wife is Séraphine Utamuliza. He has one son, and two daughters, Alexander Tabara, Nicole Tamara, and Carine Cyuzuzo. [4] References1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/20/world/the-three-victors-who-will-lead-rwanda.html |title=The Three Victors Who Will Lead Rwanda |date=20 July 1994 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=8 July 2012}} {{S-start}}{{S-off}}{{Succession box|2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/688587.stm |title=Analysis: Why Bizimungu mattered |date=23 March 2008 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr47/002/2002/en/ |title=Rwanda: Number of prisoners of conscience on the rise |date=7 June 2002 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=22 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3728807.stm |title=From president to prison |date=7 June 2004 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4724338.stm |title=Rwanda's ex-leader loses appeal |date=17 February 2006 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/06/uk-rwanda-president-idUKL0649673220070406 |title=Rwanda's ex-president freed from prison |author=Arthur Asiimwe |date=6 April 2007 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/rwanda-charles-ntakirutinka/page.do?id=1510032 |title=Charles Ntakirutinka, prisoner of conscience |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082855/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/rwanda-charles-ntakirutinka/page.do?id=1510032 |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }} title=President of Rwanda| years=19 July 1994 – 23 March 2000| before=Théodore Sindikubwabo after=Paul Kagame }}{{S-end}}{{Rwandan presidents}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bizimungu, Pasteur}} 10 : 1950 births|Living people|People from Gisenyi|Hutu people|Rwandan Patriotic Front politicians|Presidents of Rwanda|People of the Rwandan genocide|Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Rwanda|Recipients of Rwandan presidential pardons|Rwandan prisoners and detainees |
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