| 词条 | Battle of Kozludzha |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Kozludzha |partof= |image=Паметник Суворово нов1.jpg |caption= |date=20 June 1774 |place=near the village of Kozludzha |territory= |result=Decisive Russian victory |combatant1={{flag|Russian Empire}} |combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire|1453}} |combatant3= |commander1=Alexander Suvorov Mikhail Kamensky |commander2=Abdul-Rezak Pasha |strength1=8,000[1][2] |strength2=40,000[1][2] |casualties1=209[3] |casualties2=3,000[3] |campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)}} }}Battle of Kozludzha (also known as the Battle of Kozluca) fought on 20 June (Old Style - June 9) 1774 near the village of Kozludzha (now Suvorovo, Bulgaria) was one of the final and decisive battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74).[7] The Russians managed to rout the Ottoman army, scoring a major victory.[7] This battle, alongside several others in this campaign, established the reputation of the Russian general Alexander Suvorov as a brilliant commander of his era.[9][10] The Ottoman forces are estimated at about 40,000.[7][1][2] Russian numbers were much lower,[14] 8,000 men in total.[1][2] The Ottoman forces were demoralized due to previous defeats and had poor logistics (including a year of withheld back pay).[17] The Russian army under Generals Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kamensky encountered the Ottoman forces of General Abdul-Rezak Pasha.[7][19] After scouts reported to Suvorov, he immediately ordered the attack.[20] The Russian army, divided into four squares, attacked the Ottomans.[20] Ottoman cavalry charges were repulsed by the Russians, [22] while a Russian cavalry attack from the rear resulted in the capture of all of the Ottoman artillery.[20] Russian artillery fire is also said to have been highly devastating to the Ottoman forces. Casualties were 3,000 for the Ottomans[3] and 209 for the Russians.[3][20] The Russians captured the Ottoman camp with its supplies, while the Ottomans abandoned Kozludzha and retreated to Shumla, where they were soon blockaded, suffering from further defeats and attrition.[14][19][20][33] The Russian victory was one of the major reasons why a month later, on 21 July, the Ottomans were forced to sign the unfavorable Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.[7][14][36] References1. ^1 2 3 Duffy C., Younghusband B. Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Emperor's Press. 1999. P. 15 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]2. ^1 2 3 Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014. P. 436 3. ^1 2 3 Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014. P. 437 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Gregory Fremont-Barnes|title=The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYIRAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2013|date=June 2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-646-6|page=960}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA545|accessdate=26 June 2013|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9|page=545}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|authorlink= Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2BwBPz4QFQC&pg=PA387|accessdate=26 June 2013|date=19 January 2005|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1-61121-002-6|page=387}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|author=Wlodzimierz Onacewicz|title=Empires by Conquest: Ninth century-1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQfUAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2013|year=1985|publisher=Hero Books|isbn=978-0-915979-04-2|page=147}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author=Anthony Pagden|title=Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANYO0jAq2eMC&pg=PA362|accessdate=26 June 2013|date=25 March 2008|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-58836-678-8|page=362}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author1=Mesut Uyar|author2=Edward J. Erickson|title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfNBKHG7S8C&pg=PA118|accessdate=26 June 2013|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-98876-0|page=118}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jadwiga Nadzieja|title=Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika|year=1988|publisher=Wydawnictwo "Śląsk"|isbn=978-83-216-0682-8|page=14}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jadwiga Nadzieja|title=Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika|year=1988|publisher=Wydawnictwo "Śląsk"|isbn=978-83-216-0682-8|page=15}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=Political History and Culture of Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-aNAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|page=171}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Gábor Ágoston|author2=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA493|accessdate=26 June 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|page=493}} }}{{Ottoman battles}} 7 : Conflicts in 1770|Battles involving Russia|Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|1774 in the Ottoman Empire|18th century in Bulgaria|Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Alexander Suvorov |
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