| 词条 | Battle of Kunovica |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Battle of Kunovica | width = | partof = Crusade of Varna | image = File:Suva Planina pogled iz Luznice.jpg | caption = Suva Planina | date = 2 or 5 January 1444 | place = Kunovica between Niš and Pirot, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Serbia) | coordinates = {{Coord|43|10|49|N|22|10|34|E|display=inline, title}} | map_type = | map_relief = | latitude = | longitude = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Christian victory{{Sfn|Hussey|1966|p=383}} | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland Despotate of Serbia | combatant2 = Ottoman Empire | combatant3 = | commander1 = Władysław III of Poland John Hunyadi Đurađ Branković | commander2 = Mahmud Çelebi {{POW}} | commander3 = | units1 = | units2 = | units3 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | strength3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }}{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}} The Battle of Kunovica or Battle at Kunovitsa was the battle between crusaders led by John Hunyadi and armies of the Ottoman Empire which took place on 2 or 5{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} January 1444 near mountain Kunovica (Suva Planina) between Pirot and Niš.{{Sfn|Babinger|1992|p=25}} BattleThe Christian contingent began their retreat on 24 December 1443,{{Sfn|Mirčetić|1994|p=95}} after the Battle of Zlatica. The Ottoman forces followed them across the rivers Iskar and Nišava and in the Kunorica pass attacked (some sources say ambushed by) the rear flanks of the retreating armies composed of armies of the Serbian Despotate under command of Đurađ Branković. The battle took place during the night, under the full moon. Hunyadi and Władysław who were already through the pass left their supplies guarded by infantry and attacked Ottoman forces near the river on the eastern side of the mountain.{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} The Ottomans were defeated and many Ottoman commanders, including Mahmud Çelebi of Çandarlı family (in some earlier sources referred to as Karambeg),[1] were captured.{{Sfn|Babinger|1992|p=25}} The Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Kunovica and capture of Mahmud Bey, the Sultan's son-in-law, created the impression of an overall victorious campaign.{{Sfn|Imber|2006|pp=16, 17}} According to some sources, Skanderbeg participated in this battle on Ottoman side and deserted Ottoman forces during the conflict.[2] AftermathFour days after this battle Christian coalition reached Prokuplje. Đurađ Branković proposed to Władysław III of Poland and John Hunyadi to stay in Serbian fortified towns during the winter and continue their campaign against Ottomans in Spring 1444. They rejected his proposal and retreated.{{Sfn|Jireček|1978|p=367}} By the end of January 1444 forces of Władysław and Hunyadi reached Belgrade{{Sfn|Калић-Мијушковић|2006|p=405}} and in February they arrived to Buda where they were greeted as heroes.{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} During 1444 ambassadors of Christian forces were sent to Adrianople and organized signing of ten-years long peace treaty known as Peace of Szeged.{{Sfn|Gregory|2011|p=389}} Contemporary Ottoman sources blame rivalry between the commanders Kasim and Turahan for the defeat at Kunovica, while some claim that the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković bribed Turahan not to participate in the battle.{{Sfn|Imber|2006|p=51}}{{Sfn|Ćorović|2014|p=353}}[3] Turahan fell from favour as a result and was banished by the Sultan to a prison in Tokat.{{Sfn|Babinger|1987|p=877}}{{Sfn|Imber|2006|p=17}} This battle is commemorated in Serbian epic song Blow, Wind ({{lang-sr|Подухни ветре}}).[4] References1. ^{{cite book|title=Der katholische Volksfreund: Wochenschrift für häusliche Erbauung und Belehrung des katholischen Volkes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zlAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA352|year=1855|publisher=Rieger|page=352}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Gegaj|1937|p=120}}{{quote|En 1443, une occasion allait s'offrir pour réaliser son plan. Les Turcs faisaient la guerre aux chrétiens révoltés. Une bataille s'engagea à Kunovica, près de Nich. L'armée du sultan était commandée par Karambeg, pacha de Roumélie, et Scanderbeg. Or, dès le début des engagements, l'aile confiée à Scanderbeg abandonna ses positions ; le reste de l'armée turque...)}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Željko Fajfrić|title=Sveta loza Brankovića|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8fdGwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Grafosrem }} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Gavrilović|first=Andra|authorlink=Andra Gavrilović|title=Istorija srpske i hrvatske književnosti usmenoga postanja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1E4AQAAMAAJ|year=1912|publisher=Izd. Knjižara G. Kona|page=26}} Sources
8 : Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages|Battles involving Hungary|Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|1444 in the Ottoman Empire|Conflicts in 1444|1444 in Europe|Serbian Despotate|15th century in Serbia |
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