| 词条 | Battle of Maskin |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Maskin |partof=the Second Muslim Civil War |image= |caption= |map_type = Iraq |map_relief = yes |map_size = 280 |map_caption = Location within modern Iraq |date=Mid-October 691 |place=Dayr al-Jathaliq in Maskin district near Dujail |coordinates={{coord|33|49|24|N|44|14|24|E|format=dms|display=title}} |casus= |territory= |result=Umayyad victory |combatant1=Umayyad Caliphate |combatant2=Zubayrid Caliphate |commander1=Abd al-Malik Muhammad ibn Marwan Khalid ibn Yazid Abdallah ibn Yazid |commander2=Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr{{KIA}} Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar{{KIA}} Muslim ibn 'Amr al-Bahili{{KIA}} Attab ibn Warqa (defected) |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1= |casualties2= |campaignbox={{Campaignbox Second Fitna}} }} The Battle of Maskin ({{lang-ar|معركة مسكن}}), also known as the Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq ({{lang-ar|معركة دير الجثاليق}}) from a nearby Nestorian monastery, was a decisive battle of the Second Islamic Civil War (680s-690s). It was ought near Baghdad on the western bank of the river Tigris between the army of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and the forces of Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, governor of Iraq for his brother, the Meccan anti-Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. The battle resulted in Umayyad victory and was followed by the Umayyad recapture of Hejaz. LocationThe battle took place near Dayr al-Jathaliq (Monastery of Catholicos), a Nestorian monastery located in the vicinity of Maskin.[1] The latter was situated west of the Tigris River on the western bank of the former Dujayl Canal, about {{convert|50–55|km|sp=us}} north of Baghdad and {{convert|3|km|sp=us}} south of the village of Sumayka.[1] The site of ancient Maskin is today known as Khara'ib Maskin (Ruins of Maskin).[1] Dayr al-Jathaliq itself is likely the site of Tell al-Dayr, a mound located {{convert|6|km|sp=us}} southeast of Sumayka.[1] BackgroundIn 683 the Umayyad caliph Yazid I died and was succeeded by his teenage son Mu'awiya II, who died himself weeks after his accession.[2] With no suitable successors among the descendants of Yazid, Umayyad authority collapsed across the caliphate amid the political vacuum in the Umayyad capital Damascus.[2] In the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, neither Yazid nor his son were recognized as legitimate caliphs and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, based in Mecca, was recognized instead.[3] Ibn al-Zubayr’s sovereignty soon extended to most of the caliphate’s provinces and he appointed his brother Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr as governor in Iraq.[2] Meanwhile, the Arab tribes of central and southern Syria which remained loyal to the Umayyads, in cooperation with the expelled Umayyad governor of Iraq Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, chose Marwan I as caliph.[2] The latter came from a different branch of the Umayyad family that had been expelled from Medina. Afterward, the reinvigorated Umayyads defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes at the Battle of Marj Rahit near Damascus in 684 and took over Egypt by March 685. Marwan died that year and was succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik, who turned his attention toward Iraq.[4] An Umayyad army led by Ibn Ziyad was dispatched to the province, but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Khazir in August 686 by the forces of a third rival claimant to the caliphate, the pro-Alid nobleman of Kufa, al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.[4] Al-Mukhtar was later defeated and killed by Mus'ab after he secured the defections of the Arab nobility of Kufa, but the scale of Mus'ab’s repression provoked the resentment of the nobles.[5] The Umayyad defeat at Khazir delayed Abd al-Malik's plans to conquer Iraq and he shifted focus to consolidating control of Syria and Jazira and winning over the tribal nobility in Iraq.[6] In the summer of 690, Abd al-Malik began his march toward Iraq and encamped at in Butnan Habib,[7] a way station in Jund Qinnasrin,[8] while Mus'ab was encamped in Bajumayra,[7] a way station near Tikrit.[8] Both camps were on the main road connecting Syria and Iraq but were considerably distant from each other.[8][7] Abd al-Malik instigated a revolt in Basra by a faction of the Rabi'a or their Banu Bakr subtribe known as the "Jufriyya" and led by Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid.[7] However, Mus'ab remained in Bajumayra until the winter when both he and Abd al-Malik withdrew to Basra and Damascus, respectively.[7] In Basra, Mus'ab severely suppressed the Jufriyya rebellion and alienated many Basran nobles in the process.[5] Abd al-Malik was meanwhile advised by his Syrian generals to desist from further attempts against what they deemed the unwieldy province of Iraq.[7] Abd al-Malik did not heed this counsel and proceeded again toward Iraq in 691.[9] In the summer he gained the defection of the Qaysi leader Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who was holed up in the Euphrates fortress of al-Qarqisiya.[9] Sometime afterward, a remnant of al-Mukhtar's partisans in Nisibin also surrendered and joined the Umayyad army.[9] PreludeIn September or October 691, Abd al-Malik, at the head of his Syrian army, set up camp at Maskin.[9][10] Command of the army was held by members of his family; his brother Muhammad led the vanguard, while Yazid's sons Khalid and Abdallah respectively commanded the left and right wings.[6] Mus'ab encamped at Bajumayra.[9][10] At the time, Mus'ab's most skilled forces were with al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, who was engaged in a heated campaign against the Kharijites and refused to leave Basra unprotected from the latter's raids.[11] Most of Mus'ab's Basran troops also did not accompany him, while among those who did were many from the Rabi'a tribe who were resentful of his suppression of their kinsmen in the year prior.[11] The bulk of Mus'ab's troops in Bajumayra consisted of the Arab tribesmen of Kufa.[12] Many among the latter also bore grudges against Mus'ab for his extensive punishment of al-Mukhtar's Kufan partisans in 685.[12] While encamped at Maskin, Abd al-Malik took advantage of the internal divisions within Mus'ab's army by reaching out to the tribal leaders in Mus'ab's camp.[13] In his correspondences, he offered many of the tribal leaders control of the Isfahan district of Jibal province or other rewards in return for their defection.[12] One of Mus'ab's loyal commanders, Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar, informed Mus'ab of a letter he had received from Abd al-Malik which he had not opened.[12] Ibn al-Ashtar warned Mus'ab that all the other commanders had likely received such letters and were concealing the information from him.[14] He advised Mus'ab to execute those commanders, but Mus'ab refused and kept them in their posts.[12] According to the 9th-century historian al-Tabari, Mus'ab feared that executing the commanders would turn their tribesmen against him.[15] Ibn al-Ashtar counter-proposed that Mus'ab detain and hold the treasonous leaders hostage, releasing them on the condition of victory or executing them if defeated.[15] However, Mus'ab believed this to be too complicated and not a priority amid the pending battle.[15] BattleThe armies of Abd al-Malik and Mus'ab met at Dayr al-Jathaliq in the middle of October.[5][16] Ibn al-Ashtar and his men charged against Muhammad's vanguard, forcing the latter to withdraw.[16] Abd al-Malik then ordered Abdallah and his right wing to enter the battlefield, where together with Muhammad's troops they closed in on Mus'ab's men.[16] Ibn al-Ashtar was slain, as was the commander of his right wing, Muslim ibn 'Amr al-Bahili.[16] The latter had died of his wounds, but before dying he managed to obtain from Abd al-Malik a guarantee of safety for his son Qutayba ibn Muslim, who went on to become an important Umayyad general.[16] Ibn al-Ashtar's death at the beginning of the confrontation "decided the defeat of Mus'ab", according to historian Julius Wellhausen.[17] The head of Mus'ab's cavalry, Attab ibn Warqa, who had secretly defected to Abd al-Malik, subsequently deserted the battle with his horsemen.[16][17] The rest of Musab’s commanders refused orders to engage.[17] Wellhausen wrote that Mus'ab "was left almost alone on the field of battle, which strange situation itself makes the battle famous".[17] Prior to Ibn al-Ashtar's charge, Abd al-Malik sought to negotiate with Mus'ab, but the latter refused and "decided to die like a brave man", according to historian Henri Lammens.[5] After his other commanders refused to fight, Mus'ab was offered to be spared if he relinquished the governorship of Iraq, but again he refused.[5] Instead, he counseled his adolescent son Isa and his men to leave for Mecca, but Isa entered the field instead and was killed.[17] Mus'ab then made the charge himself, but was wounded by an arrow and dislodged from his horse.[5][17] He was slain by a certain Za'ida ibn Qudama, a soldier from the Banu Thaqif who declared Mus'ab's death to be vengeance for his fellow tribesman al-Mukhtar.[17] Afterward, a member of the Banu Bakr, Ubayd Allah ibn Zabyan decapitated Mus'ab's body.[5][17] Abd al-Malik mourned Mus'ab and "ordered his poets to commemorate his heroic end", according to Lammens.[5] AftermathAfter the battle, Abd al-Malik entered Kufa and received the allegiance of its tribal nobility.[17] He assigned governors for Iraq and its dependencies in Khurasan.[17] He then headed south for Nukhayla, a suburb of Kufa, from which he dispatched al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf with 2,000 Syrian troops to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in the Hejaz.[18] With the loss of Iraq, Ibn al-Zubayr had become isolated in his Mecca stronghold. After a series of skirmishes near the city, al-Hajjaj besieged Mecca, capturing it and killing Ibn al-Zubayr in September 692.[19] This marked the end of the Second Fitna.[20] References1. ^1 2 3 Duri 1965, p. 197. 2. ^1 2 3 Hawting 1986, p. 48. 3. ^Hawting 1986, p. 47. 4. ^1 Wellhausen 1927, p. 185. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lammens 1993, p. 650. 6. ^1 Kennedy 2001, p. 33. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 Wellhausen 1927, p. 190. 8. ^1 2 Wellhausen 1927, p. 188. 9. ^1 2 3 4 Wellhausen 1927, p. 192. 10. ^1 Al-Tabari, ed. Fishbein 1990, p. 178. 11. ^1 Wellhausen 1927, p. 195. 12. ^1 2 3 4 Wellhausen 1927, p. 196. 13. ^Wellhausen 1927, pp. 195–196. 14. ^Wellhausen 1927, pp. 196–197. 15. ^1 2 Al-Tabari, ed. Fishbein 1990, p. 180. 16. ^1 2 3 4 5 Al-Tabari, ed. Fishbein 1990, p. 181. 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wellhausen 1927, p. 197. 18. ^Wellhausen 1927, p. 198. 19. ^Wellhausen 1927, pp. 198–199. 20. ^Wellhausen 1927, p. 200. Bibliography
5 : 690s conflicts|Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate|Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate|691|Second Fitna |
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