| 词条 | Battle of Sapotillal |
| 释义 |
|conflict = Battle of Sapotillal |partof = the United States occupation of Nicaragua, Banana Wars |image = |caption = |date = 9 October 1927[1] |place = Sapotillal ridge, Nicaragua |result = Sandinista victory
|combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} Nicaragua |combatant2 = Sandinistas |commander1 = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Lt. George J. O'Shea |commander2 = {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} Unknown |strength1 = 9 marines 1 sailor 10 national guard[2] |strength2 = 400 guerrillas (conservative estimate)[3] |casualties1 = 4 national guard killed[4] |casualties2 = 40-60 killed[5] 1 captured[6] }}{{United States occupation of Nicaragua}} The Battle of Sapotillal, or the Battle of Zapotillal or Zapotillo Ridge, took place on the 9 October 1927[7] during the American occupation of Nicaragua of 1926–1933 and the Sandino Rebellion. The battle was an unsuccessful attempt by American and Nicaraguan government forces to rescue two downed American airmen. BackgroundOn the 8 October1927, Second Lieutenant Earl Thomas and his observer-gunner Sergeant Frank Dowdell, flying a Vought O2U Corsair, had to crash-land on a Nicaraguan ridge known as Sapotillal for unknown reasons.[8] After destroying the plane and its machine guns, the two American Marine airmen started to head for Quilalí on foot, using a map dropped by their wingman, Mike "the Polish Warhorse" Wodarczyk.[9] On their journey, the two aviators managed to fight off a group of fifteen Sandinistas with their pistols, killing five.[10] After being surrounded by forty guerrillas and running out of ammunition, Thomas and Dowdell were finally captured.[11] The two Americans were put on trial by the Sandinistas, "probably tortured," and executed.[12] Battle"Twelve miles north at Jícaro," Lieutenant George J. O'Shea, not knowing the fates of the two airmen, organized an expedition of eight other American Marines, ten Nicaraguan National Guardsmen, and one member of the United States Navy (Dr. John B. O'Neill) to rescue them.[13] The patrol headed out at 12:45 p.m. on the 8 October 1927.[14] Early the following day,[15] the group neared the crash site, only to be only ambushed by "about 200" Sandinista rebels.[16] Rather than seize the guerrilla-occupied hill in front them, O'Shea's men turned back the way they had come and proceeded to attack the rebels blocking their way.[17] Notably employing rifle grenades and hand grenades, the American and Nicaraguan government troops began shooting and blasting their way back to El Jícaro.[18] Initially, O'Shea led the way, hurling grenades as he advanced.[19] One member of the Nicaraguan National Guard continued firing "his rifle after half of the barrel had been blown off."[20] At one point during the intense running battle, a Sandinista machine gun pinned down its enemies, who eventually killed the machine gunner with a very well-placed rifle grenade.[21] O'Shea's troops could hear guerrillas closing in "[f]rom all sides in the dense jungle."[22] A Thompson submachine gun and rifle grenades were used quite effectively by the Americans and their Nicaraguan allies, "demonstrating the high value of these two weapons in close-range bush warfare."[23] The firefight lasted about two and a half hours.[24] AftermathAlthough their native guides had abandoned them during the fight and O'Shea had lost his compass,[25] the exhausted patrol arrived back in El Jícaro "just before midnight" on the 10 October.[26] O'Shea guessed that the total number of Sandinistas engaged in the battle was about 400, although he said this was a "very conservative estimate."[27] Of these, at least 40 were killed or mortally wounded, but this number could actually be as high as 55 or 60.[28] One rebel was captured during the fighting, and his captors were prepared to shoot him, but decided not to, as it might give away their position.[29] Of O'Shea's men, four Nicaraguan National Guardsmen were killed.[30] References1. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} {{coord missing|Nicaragua}}2. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=93}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=95}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=320}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=320}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=320}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=320}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=320}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=321}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=94}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=321}} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=321}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=321}} 19. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=321}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 21. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 22. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 23. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=94}} 24. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 25. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=94}} 26. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=O'Shea, Engagement at Sapotillal, with Sketch Map|url=http://www.sandinorebellion.com/PCDocs/1927/PC271012-OShea.html|website=The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934|accessdate=19 May 2015}} 29. ^{{cite book|last=Musicant|first=Ivan|title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama|date=August 1990|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York City|page=322}} 30. ^{{cite book|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|title=The Sandino Affair|date=February 1998|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|page=95}} 7 : History of Nicaragua|Banana Wars|20th-century military history of the United States|Battles and operations of the United States occupation of Nicaragua|Conflicts in 1927|1927 in Nicaragua|October 1927 events |
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