| 词条 | Battle of Sept-Îles |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle off Sept-Îles |partof= the Battle of the Atlantic of World War II | image= FR Les Sept Iles.PNG | image_size = 300 |caption= Location of Sept-Îles, Brittany |date= 22-23 October 1943 |place=off the Sept-Îles, France |coordinates = {{Coord|48|53|00|N|03|28|00|W|type:event_region:FR|display=inline,title}} |result=German victory |combatant1={{flag|United Kingdom}} |combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |commander1 ={{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} George Voelcker{{KIA}} |commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} Franz Kohlauf |strength1=1 light cruiser 6 destroyers |strength2=6 minesweepers 5 torpedo boats 1 blockade runner |casualties1=506 killed or drowned[1] 1 light cruiser sunk 1 destroyer scuttled |casualties2=none |campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}} }} The Battle of Sept-Îles was a naval battle fought on the night of 22/23 October 1943 during World War II as part of the Atlantic campaign. The battle took place off the Sept-Îles near the French coast in the English Channel between a light cruiser and six destroyers of the British Royal Navy, and a minesweeper and torpedo boat flotillas of the German Kriegsmarine hoping to intercept and escort a blockade runner. The battle ended with {{HMS|Charybdis|88|6}} being sunk and the {{sclass2-|Hunt|destroyer}} {{HMS|Limbourne|L57|6}} being scuttled after suffering damage; nearly 500 British sailors lost their lives in the battle.[2] The battle was the last surface fleet action of the war where the Royal Navy was defeated, and the last German surface fleet action victory.[1][3] BackgroundIn late 1943, the British authorities were aware of the approach of the German blockade runner, Münsterland, which had departed Brest and was carrying an important cargo of latex and strategic metals.[4] The British reacted by executing Operation Tunnel, a standard operation whereby available ships would attempt to intercept.[2] Of the planning of this operation Lt-Cmd Roger Hill voiced his reservations to senior staff, but his advice wasn't heeded.[12] {{HMS|Charybdis|88|6}} was assigned to the operation on 20 October and on 22 October the British force put to sea from Plymouth.[5] With Charybdis were the fleet destroyers {{HMS|Grenville|R97|6}} and {{HMS|Rocket|H92|2}} and four {{sclass2-|Hunt|destroyer}}s; Limbourne, {{HMS|Wensleydale|L86|2}}, Talybont and {{HMS|Stevenstone|L16|2}}.[6]Six German minesweepers of the 2nd Flotilla and two radar equipped patrol boats escorted Münsterland in a well-rehearsed procedure.[4] The blockade runner was then joined by five Type 39 torpedo boats of the 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, commanded by Franz Kohlauf.[7] Soon after midnight the British force conducted a radar sweep at {{convert|13|kn|lk=in|abbr=on}} while some {{convert|7|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} west of Brittany. Meanwhile, at the same time German radar operators picked them up and carefully tracked them and then promptly relayed the information to the German ships.[5] These warnings were intercepted by the Hunt destroyers and by Plymouth Command but Charybdis for some reason did not pick them up.[4] BattleMunsterland was turned back out of harm's way, while the German torpedo boats prepared to deal with the British force. Charybdis picked them up on her own radar at a range of {{convert|14000|yd|m|abbr=on}} at 01:30 and signalled the destroyers to increase speed but only the rear destroyer, Wensleydale, picked up the signal.[4] Her overtaking the rest of the force caused confusion, compounded when the first German torpedoes arrived and friendly star shells illuminated the leading British ships instead of the Germans. By now the British formation had lost cohesion.[8]The British force was visible against the lighter horizon and the Germans were further aided by a rain squall approaching from the south-west. Visibility was poor with low clouds and there was a long heavy swell.[1] Kohlauf saw the silhouette of the larger British cruiser and believing he had been surprised gave the immediate order to turn and flee but not before ordering every ship to launch their torpedoes.[5] Charybdis could have inflicted considerable damage but the Germans had only been confirmed on radar but no visual contact had been made. A total of 24 torpedoes were launched by the Germans. Lookouts suddenly saw the white straight foaming tracks of torpedoes and before anything could be done Charybdis was hit on the port side by T23 (Friedrich-Karl Paul), flooding No 2 dynamo room and B boiler room.[9] The port electrical ring main failed and she listed twenty degrees to port and stopped. Torpedoes narrowly missed Wensleydale and Grenville and then a second torpedo from T27 struck Charybdis. This time the aft engine room was hit which flooded and cut all electrical power increased the list to fifty degrees.[3]Within minutes of the second torpedo hit on Charybdis, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T22||2}} scored a hit on Limbourne exploding the forward magazine. She listed heavily to starboard with her bows blown off; the crew subsequently abandoned ship [1] Charybdis sank within half an hour with great loss of life.[6] The other destroyers had near misses from collisions in the confusion and then withdrew, ending the battle.[5] AftermathThe British force, now under command of Roger Hill of the Grenville, only came back when they learned of Limbourne{{'}}s crippling and then conducted a rescue operation. 107 of the crew of Charybdis were rescued through the morning and day. The severely damaged Limbourne had lost 42 members of her crew.[3] An attempt to tow Limbourne failed and the order was given for her to be scuttled. She was sunk by torpedoes from Talybont and surface gunfire from Rocket; 42 of her ship's company were killed while 100 survivors were picked up.[7] Franz Kohlauf was awarded the Knight's Cross for this action by Adolf Hitler soon after, while Friedrich-Karl Paul was awarded the German Cross. The action was the last clear German naval victory of the war as well as being the last defeat of the Royal Navy.[1] Lessons were learned by the British and despite the setback Operation Tunnel succeeded with only four out of 15 blockade runners reaching France.[1] Münsterland returned to port in Saint-Malo unscathed but the blockade running mission had been aborted.[5] On the attempt to eventually move out, she was forced ashore and destroyed west of Cap Blanc Nez by fire from British coastal artillery at Dover, on 21 January 1944.[10] LegacyThe bodies of 21 Royal Navy and Royal Marine personnel were washed up in Guernsey. The German occupation authorities buried them with full military honours. The funerals became an opportunity for some of the islanders to demonstrate their loyalty to Britain and their opposition to the Nazi occupiers.[11] Around 5,000 islanders attended the funeral, laying some 900 wreaths, enough of a demonstration against the Nazi occupation for subsequent military funerals to be closed to civilians by the German occupiers.[7] Every year a commemoration service is held, which is attended by survivors of the action and their relatives, the Guernsey Association of Royal Navy and Royal Marines, Sea Cadets, St John's Ambulance Brigade, the Police and the Red Cross and representatives of the Royal Navy.[7][12] The senior surviving Royal Navy officer of this battle and captain of HMS Grenville, Lt-Cmd Roger Hill, wrote a detailed narrative of the battle in his autobiography Destroyer Captain,[13] which includes his further investigations and also information from a German destroyer captain present that night. He discusses the pre-operation planning, the events of the actual operation and its aftermath, identifying some of the salient oversights that culminated in the loss of both HMS Charybdis and HMS Limbourne. ReferencesCitations1. ^1 2 3 4 5 O'Hara pp. 275–76 2. ^1 Jaques p. 738 3. ^1 2 Watts p. 197 4. ^1 2 3 O'Hara pp. 273–274 5. ^1 2 3 4 Lambert pp. 97–98 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Charybdis.htm|title=HMS Charybdis (88): Light cruiser of the Dido class|accessdate=3 August 2012 |author=Gordon Smith|work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2|publisher=naval-history.net}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Ships-CharybdisAsr.htm|title= H.M.S. Charybdis: A Record of Her Loss and Commemoration|author=Charybdis Association|work=World War 2 at Sea|date=1 December 2010|publisher=naval-history.net}} 8. ^Watts p. 197 9. ^{{cite book |last=|title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|page=33}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=The sinking of the Munsterland, 1944|url=http://sussexhistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=590.0;wap2|website=Sussex History Forum|accessdate=19 October 2014|ref=Heinrich Ziemsen letter to Mr. Mallinson 1954}} 11. ^Tabb p. 129 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/10/06/hms_charybdis_feature.shtml|title= Local History: HMS Charybdis|accessdate=3 August 2012 |author=|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} 13. ^Hill pp. 167-176 Bibliography{{refbegin}}
7 : Conflicts in 1943|Battle of the Atlantic|Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Naval battles of World War II involving Germany|Night battles|October 1943 events|Germany–United Kingdom military relations |
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