1. History

2. Risk mitigation

3. National jurisdictions
     United States  

4. See also

5. References

6. Further reading

In patent law, a patent pool is a consortium of at least two companies agreeing to cross-license patents relating to a particular technology. The creation of a patent pool can save patentees and licensees time and money, and, in case of blocking patents, it may also be the only reasonable method for making the invention available to the public.^[1] Competition law issues are usually important when a large consortium is formed.

History

One of the first patent pools, Sewing Machine Combination, was formed in 1856, by sewing machine manufacturers Grover, Baker, Singer, and Wheeler & Wilson, all accusing the others of patent infringement. They met in Albany, New York to pursue their suits. Orlando B. Potter, a lawyer and president of the Grover and Baker Company, proposed that, rather than sue their profits out of existence, they pool their patents (See also: Isaac Singer/I. M. Singer & Co).

In 1917, the two major patent holders for airplanes, the Wright Company and the Curtiss Company, had effectively blocked the building of new airplanes, which were desperately needed as the United States was entering World War I. The U.S. government, as a result of a recommendation of a committee formed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, pressured the industry to form a patent pool, the Manufacturer's Aircraft Association.^[2][3][4]

In a more modern example, in August 2005, a patent pool was formed by about 20 companies active in the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) domain.^[5] The RFID Consortium picked Via Licensing to administer its patent pool in September 2006.^[6]

Risk mitigation

As in these examples many industries could not function without patent pools since the coordination costs (risk, negotiation, etc.) would otherwise be too high. Patent pools are only one example of cases where members of an otherwise competitive industry join in common cause to create some resource that is to their collective benefit. For example, the insurance industry pools claims data to collectively reduce risk; the catalog sales industry pools sales data to better model their customers; the auto industry collaborates to standardize components; and in the software industry some companies actively contribute to open-source projects.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Patent pools do not eliminate risk, they only temper it. Patent holders (including other patent pools) outside the pool can still create cost and risk for the industry. While it is rare for a patent pool to indemnify licensees,^[7]{{self-published inline|date=May 2015}} a pool does help to assure a common interest will emerge should one member be accused of infringement by a third party. Flaws in the design of the pool's governance can create the risk that one member can break the common cause of the group. Examples of well-known{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} such cases include the MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2 and H.264 video coding standards, and the DVD6C pool.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} The MPEG-2 patent pool has also been criticized because by 2015 more than 90% of the MPEG-2 patents will have expired but as long as there are one or more active patents in the MPEG-2 patent pool in either the country of manufacture or the country of sale the MPEG-2 license agreement requires that licensees pay a license fee that does not change based on the number of patents that have expired.^{[8][9][10][11][12]}

National jurisdictions

United States

Since the 1990s, patent pools have been viewed by U.S. regulatory authorities in a positive light. In 1995, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) released the “Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property”^[13] which stated that the pooling of patents may have “…pro-competitive benefits”.^[14] The Antitrust Division of the DOJ later issued a letter in support of the MPEG-2 pool.^[13] However, stipulations exist to ensure pools do not function anti-competitively. As required by the DOJ, patents in the pool must be essential, non-substitutable and the owners must maintain the right to individually license their patents.^[13] In addition, the DOJ may monitor the royalty rates collected by the firm.^[13]

See also

• Essential patent
• Open Invention Network
• Open Patent Alliance
• Patent map
• Patent portfolio
• Patent thicket
• Sherman Antitrust Act
• 501(c)(6) — i.e. industry specific nonprofits
• Patent holding company
• Tragedy of the anticommons
• United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (1973)
• The Wright brothers patent war

References

Further reading

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111021161947/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/dapp/opla/patentpool.pdf United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Pools: A Solution to the Problem of Access in Biotechnology Patents?], December 5, 2000 (PDF file)
• Ed Levy, Emily Marden, Ben Warren, David Hartell & Isaac Filaté, Patent Pools and Genomics: Navigating a Course to Open Science?, 16 B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L. 75, 78 (2010).

• Arnoldsweiler Bürge
• Arnolds Ūdris
• Arnold Taylor (historian)
• Arnold, Texas
• Arnold T. Grimme
• Arnold Thackray
• Arnold, the Greek
• Arnold, Thomas
• Arnold, Thurman
• Arnold, Tim
• Arnold Udris
• Arnold Urban District
• Arnoldus
• Arnoldus Bastiaan Bakker
• Arnoldus Brumby House
• Arnoldus, Confessor
• Arnoldus (confessor)
• Arnoldus, der Grieche
• Arnoldus Dick Pijpers
• Arnoldus Marius Hille
• Arnoldus Pijpers
• Arnoldus Schytte Blix
• Arnoldus, the confessor
• Arnoldus, the Greek
• Arnoldus von Arnoldsweiler