“ARA General Belgrano”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

ARA General Belgrano was an Argentine Navy light cruiser in service from 1951 until 1982.

Originally commissioned by the U.S. as {{USS|Phoenix|CL-46|6}}, she saw action in the Pacific theatre of World War II before being sold by the United States Navy to Argentina. The vessel was the second to have been named after the Argentine founding father Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820). The first vessel was a 7,069-ton armoured cruiser completed in 1896.

She was sunk on 2 May 1982 during the Falklands War by the Royal Navy submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|2}} with the loss of 323 lives. Losses from General Belgrano totalled just over half of Argentine military deaths in the war.

She is the only ship to have been sunk during military operations by a nuclear-powered submarine{{sfnp|Kemp|1999|p=68}} and the second sunk in action by any type of submarine since World War II, the first being the Indian frigate {{Ship|INS|Khukri|F149|6}}, which was sunk by the Pakistani submarine {{Ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|6}} during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.

Early career

The warship was built as {{USS|Phoenix|CL-46|6}}, the sixth ship of the {{sclass-|Brooklyn|cruiser}} design, in Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935, and launched in March 1938. She survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 undamaged, and went on to earn nine battle stars for World War II service. At the end of the war, she was placed in reserve at Philadelphia on 28 February 1946, decommissioned on 3 July that year and remained laid up at Philadelphia.^[1]

Sinking

After the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, on 2 April 1982{{sfnp|White|2006|pp=115-}} Britain declared a Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ) of 200 nautical miles around the Falkland Islands within which any Argentine warship or naval auxiliary entering the MEZ might be attacked by British nuclear-powered submarines (SSN).

On 23 April, the British Government clarified in a message that was passed via the Swiss Embassy in Buenos Aires to the Argentine government that any Argentine ship or aircraft that was considered to pose a threat to British forces would be attacked.^[4]

On 30 April this was upgraded to the total exclusion zone, within which any sea vessel or aircraft from any country entering the zone might be fired upon without further warning.^[5] The zone was stated to be "...without prejudice to the right of the United Kingdom to take whatever additional measures may be needed in exercise of its right of self-defence, under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter." The concept of a total exclusion zone was a novelty in maritime law; the Law of the Sea Convention had no provision for such an instrument. Its purpose seems to have been to increase the amount of time available to ascertain whether any vessel in the zone was hostile or not. Regardless of the uncertainty of the zone's legal status it was widely respected by the shipping of neutral nations.{{sfnp|Churchill|Lowe|1983|p=272}}

The Argentine military junta began to reinforce the islands in late April when it was realised that the British Task Force was heading south. As part of these movements, Argentine Naval units were ordered to take positions around the islands. Two Task Groups designated 79.1, which included the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo plus two Type 42 destroyers, and 79.2, which included three Exocet missile armed Drummond-class corvettes,^[6] both sailed to the north. General Belgrano had left Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego on 26 April. Two destroyers, ARA Piedra Buena and ARA Hipólito Bouchard (also ex-USN vessels) were detached from Task Group 79.2 and together with the tanker YPF Puerto Rosales, joined General Belgrano to form Task Group 79.3.{{sfnp|Rossiter|2009|pp=139-140}}

By 29 April, the ships were patrolling the Burdwood Bank, south of the islands. On 30 April, General Belgrano was detected by the British nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|2}}. The submarine approached over the following day. On 1 May 1982, Admiral Juan Lombardo ordered all Argentine naval units to seek out the British task force around the Falklands and launch a "massive attack" the following day. General Belgrano, which was outside and to the south-west of the exclusion zone, was ordered south-east.

Lombardo's signal was intercepted by British Intelligence. As a result, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her War Cabinet, meeting at Chequers the following day, agreed to a request from Admiral Terence Lewin, the Chief of the Defence Staff, to alter the rules of engagement and allow an attack on General Belgrano outside the exclusion zone.^[7] Although the group was outside the British-declared total exclusion zone of 370 km (200 nautical miles) radius from the islands, the British decided that it was a threat. After consultation at Cabinet level, Thatcher agreed that Commander Chris Wreford-Brown should attack General Belgrano.^[8]

At 15:57 (Falkland Islands Time){{#tag:ref|"A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters." per: Time zone#Nautical time zones.|group=N}} on 2 May, Conqueror fired three 21 inch Mk 8 mod 4 torpedoes^[9] (conventional, non-guided, torpedoes), each with an 805-pound (363 kg) Torpex warhead. While Conqueror was also equipped with the newer Mark 24 Tigerfish homing torpedo, there were doubts about its reliability.^[10] Initial reports from Argentina claimed that Conqueror fired two Tigerfish torpedoes on General Belgrano.{{sfnp|Costa|1988|p=255}} Two of the three torpedoes hit General Belgrano. According to the Argentine government, General Belgranos position was {{Coord|55|24|S|61|32|W|display=inline,title}}.^[11]

One of the torpedoes struck {{convert|10|to|15|m|ft}} aft of the bow, outside the area protected by either the ship's side armour or the internal anti-torpedo bulge. This blew off the ship's bow, but the internal torpedo bulkheads held and the forward powder magazine for the 40 mm gun did not detonate. It is believed that none of the ship's company were in that part of the ship at the time of the explosion.^[12]

The second torpedo struck about three-quarters of the way along the ship, just outside the rear limit of the side armour plating. The torpedo punched through the side of the ship before exploding in the aft machine room. The explosion tore upward through two messes and a relaxation area called "the Soda Fountain" before finally ripping a 20-metre-long hole in the main deck. Later reports put the number of deaths in the area around the explosion at 275 men. After the explosion, the ship rapidly filled with smoke.^[13] The explosion also damaged General Belgranos electrical power system, preventing her from putting out a radio distress call.^[14] Though the forward bulkheads held, water was rushing in through the hole created by the second torpedo and could not be pumped out because of the electrical power failure.^[15] In addition, although the ship should have been "at action stations", she was sailing with the water-tight doors open.

The ship began to list to port and to sink towards the bow. Twenty minutes after the attack, at 16:24, Captain Bonzo ordered the crew to abandon ship. Inflatable life rafts were deployed, and the evacuation began without panic.^[16]

The two escort ships were unaware of what was happening to General Belgrano, as they were out of touch with her in the gloom and had not seen the distress rockets or lamp signals.^[14] Adding to the confusion, the crew of Bouchard felt an impact that was possibly the third torpedo striking at the end of its run (an examination of the ship later showed an impact mark consistent with a torpedo). The two ships continued on their course westward and began dropping depth charges. By the time the ships realised that something had happened to General Belgrano, it was already dark and the weather had worsened, scattering the life rafts.^[14]

Argentine and Chilean ships rescued 772 men in all from 3 to 5 May. In total, 323 were killed in the attack: 321 members of the crew and two civilians who were on board at the time.^[17]

Naval outcome

Following the loss of General Belgrano, the Argentinian fleet returned to its bases and played no major role in the rest of the conflict. British nuclear submarines continued to operate in the sea areas between Argentina and the Falkland Islands, gathering intelligence, providing early warning of air raids and effectively imposing sea denial.{{sfnp|Finlan|2004|pp=84-}} A further effect was that the Argentinian Navy's carrier-borne aircraft had to operate from land bases at the limit of their range, rather than from an aircraft carrier at sea.{{sfnp|Swartz|1998|p=}} The minimal role of the Navy in the rest of the campaign led to a considerable loss of credibility and influence within the Junta.{{sfnp|Hastings|Jenkins|1983|p=323}}

Controversy over the sinking

The legality of the sinking of General Belgrano has been disputed due to disagreement on the exact nature of the Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ) and whether General Belgrano had been returning to port at the time of the sinking. Through a message passed via the Swiss Embassy in Buenos Aires to the Argentine government nine days before the sinking, the UK made clear that it no longer considered the {{convert|200|mile}} exclusion zone as the limit of its military action. On 1 May 1982, Admiral Juan Lombardo ordered all Argentine naval units to seek out the British task force around the Falklands and launch a "massive attack" the following day.

The sinking also became a cause célèbre for anti-war campaigners such as Labour MP Tam Dalyell. Early reports suggested that more than 1,000 Argentine sailors may have been killed in the sinking; it was in fact around a third of that total.

The sinking occurred 14 hours after President of Peru Fernando Belaúnde proposed a comprehensive peace plan and called for regional unity, although Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and diplomats in London did not see this document until after the sinking of General Belgrano.^[18] Diplomatic efforts to that point had failed completely. After the sinking, Argentina rejected the plan but the UK indicated its acceptance on 5 May. The news was subsequently dominated by military action and it is not well known that the British continued to offer ceasefire terms until 1 June that were rejected by the Junta.^[19]

Argentine response

On 3 May 1982, Argentina's Chancellery released a statement in the name of the Argentinian government that read:

Legal situation

Neither the United Kingdom or Argentina declared war during the conflict. Combat was confined to the area around and on the Falkland islands and South Georgia. General Belgrano was sunk outside the {{convert|200|nmi|km|sing=on}} total exclusion zone around the Falklands, delimited by the UK. Through a message passed via the Swiss Embassy in Buenos Aires to the Argentine government on 23 April, the UK made clear that it no longer considered the 200-mile (370 km) exclusion zone as the limit of its military action. The message read:

Interviews conducted by Martin Middlebrook for his book, Argentine Fight For The Falklands, indicated that Argentine naval officers understood the intent of the message was to indicate that any ships operating near the exclusion zone could be attacked.^[21] Argentine Rear Admiral Allara, who was in charge of the task force of which General Belgrano was part, said, "After that message of 23 April, the entire South Atlantic was an operational theatre for both sides. We, as professionals, said it was just too bad that we lost the Belgrano".^[22] Captain Bonzo also told Middlebrook that he was not angry about the attack on his ship and "The limit [exclusion zone] did not exclude danger or risks; it was all the same in or out. I would like to be quite precise that, as far as I was concerned, the 200-mile limit was valid until 1 May, that is while diplomatic negotiations were taking place and/or until a real act of war took place, and that had happened on 1 May".^[22]

Admiral Sandy Woodward, who commanded the British task force during the war, wrote in his 1997 book One Hundred Days that HMS Conqueror received a signal changing the rules of engagement and that "The change said quite clearly he may now attack the Belgrano, outside the TEZ".{{sfn|Woodward |2003|p=219 |ps=:At 1330Z she (HMS Conqueror) accessed the satellite and received the signal from Northwood changing her Rules of Engagement. ...The change said quite clearly he may now attack the Belgrano, outside the TEZ}}

Later political controversy

Some details of the action were leaked to a British Member of Parliament, Tam Dalyell, in 1985 by the senior civil servant Clive Ponting, resulting in the unsuccessful prosecution of the latter under the Official Secrets Act 1911. The documents revealed that the General Belgrano was sailing away from the exclusion zone when she was attacked and sunk.^[23]

In May 1983, Thatcher appeared on Nationwide, a live television show on BBC1, where a teacher, Diana Gould,^[24]^[25] questioned her about the sinking, saying that the ship was already west of the Falklands and heading towards the Argentinian mainland to the west. Gould also said that the Peruvian peace proposal must have reached London in the 14 hours between its publication and the sinking of General Belgrano, and the escalation of the war could have thus been prevented. In the emotional exchange that followed, Thatcher answered that the vessel was a threat to British ships and lives and denied that the peace proposal had reached her.^[26] She added that "One day, all of the facts, in about 30 years time, will be published", apparently a reference to a classified report prepared by intelligence officer Major David Thorp for Thatcher after the incident.^[27] Diana Gould died in December 2011,^[28] just a few weeks before the existence of the report was made public.

After the show, Thatcher's husband Denis lashed out at the producer of the show in the entertainment suite, saying that his wife had been "stitched up by bloody BBC poofs and Trots."^[29] Thatcher herself commented during the interview "I think it could only be in Britain that a prime minister was accused of sinking an enemy ship that was a danger to our navy, when my main motive was to protect the boys in our navy."^[30]

According to the British historian Sir Lawrence Freedman, neither Thatcher nor the Cabinet was aware of General Belgrano's change of course before the cruiser was attacked.^[7] In his book, One Hundred Days, Admiral Woodward claims that General Belgrano was part of the southern part of a pincer movement aimed at the task force, and had to be sunk quickly. He wrote:

The Sun newspaper's "Gotcha" headline

The Sun{{'}}s headline "Gotcha" is probably the most notorious headline in a British newspaper about the incident. Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of the popular tabloid, is reported to have used an impromptu exclamation by The Sun{{'}}s features editor, Wendy Henry, as the inspiration for the headline. The accompanying text reported that General Belgrano had only been hit and damaged, not sunk. After early editions went to press further reports suggested a major loss of life and Mackenzie toned down the headline in later editions to read "Did 1,200 Argies drown?"

Despite its notoriety, few readers in the UK saw the headline at first hand as it was only used on copies of the first northern editions; southern editions and later editions in the north carried the toned-down headline.^[31]

Aftermath

The area where General Belgrano sank is classified as a War Grave under Argentine Congress Law 25.546.^[32]

In August 1994, an official Argentine Defence Ministry report written by armed forces auditor Eugenio Miari^[33] was released which described the sinking of General Belgrano as "a legal act of war", explaining that "acts of war can be carried out in all of the enemy's territory" and "they can also take place in those areas over which no state can claim sovereignty, in international waters".^[34] Argentinian veterans were said{{who|date=February 2017}} to be dismayed at the conclusion about General Belgrano and the President of the Federation of Argentine War Veterans Luis Ibáñez hoped to produce more witnesses to show that the sinking was a war crime.^[33]

In 1999, Sir Michael Boyce, First Sea Lord of the Royal Navy, visited the Puerto Belgrano naval base and paid tribute to those who died.^[35] In 2003 a search team aboard Seacor Lenga,^[36] crewed by Argentine and British veterans, was sponsored by National Geographic to find the sunken cruiser but failed to locate the ship.^[32]^[37]

In 2000, lawyers representing the families of the sailors killed onboard General Belgrano attempted to sue the British Government in the European Court of Human Rights on the grounds that the attack took place outside the exclusion zone.^[38] It was an attempt to pressure the Argentine government to lodge an action against the UK in the International Court of Justice, but was ruled inadmissible by the Court of Human Rights on the grounds that it had been submitted too late.^[39]

In late 2011, Major David Thorp, a former British military intelligence officer who led the signals intercept team aboard {{HMS|Intrepid|L11|6}}, released the book The Silent Listener detailing the role of intelligence in the Falklands War. In the book he stated that despite the fact that General Belgrano was observed by Conqueror sailing away from the Falklands at the time of the attack, she had actually been ordered to proceed to a rendezvous point within the Exclusion Zone.^[43]^[44] A report prepared by Thorp for Thatcher several months after the incident stated the destination of the vessel was not to her home port as the Argentine Junta stated; the report was not released because the Prime Minister did not want to compromise British signals intelligence capabilities.^[45]

In 2012 the President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, referred to the sinking of General Belgrano as a "war crime".^[46] However, the Argentine Navy has historically held the view that the sinking was a legitimate act of war,^[27] a position that was asserted by the Argentine Navy before various courts in 1995.^[40]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.shippingtimes.co.uk/item530_general_belgrano.htm |title=A Brief History of the GENERAL BELGRANO |work=Shipping Times |year=2007 |accessdate=11 July 2013}}
2. ^¹Historia de los Cruceros Argentinos {{es icon}}
3. ^{{cite news|last=Melville |first=Frank |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921199-2,00.html#prof |title=The Falklands: Two Hollow Victories at Sea |work=Time |date=17 May 1982 |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
4. ^¹Middlebrook (2009), pp. 74–75
5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/bb1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014120642/http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/bb1.html |archive-date=14 October 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.falklandswar.org.uk/ships.htm|title=Data Library - Ships|work=The Falklands Conflict |accessdate=8 January 2017}}
7. ^¹{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,170-1670775,00.html. |work=The Times |location=London | title=Thatcher in the dark on sinking of Belgrano | date=27 June 2005 | accessdate=25 April 2010 | first1=Michael | last1=Evans | first2=Alan | last2=Hamilton}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/ram/today5_belgrano_20070502.ram |title=BBC.co.uk |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
9. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/2/newsid_2480000/2480241.stm |work=BBC News | title=1982: British sub sinks Argentine cruiser | date=2 May 1982}}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Tony DiGiulian |url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTBR_PostWWII.htm#prof |title=Torpedoes of the United Kingdom/Britain : Post-World War II |website=navweaps.com |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.diputados.gov.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-124/124-373.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070616195429/http://www.diputados.gov.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-124/124-373.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 June 2007 |work=Camara de Diputados de la Nacion |title=Orden del dia Nº 373 |format=PDF |language=es |accessdate=2 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^Middlebrook (2009), pp. 109–110
13. ^Middlebrook (2009), p. 110
14. ^¹²Middlebrook (2009), p. 113
15. ^Middlebrook (2009), pp. 110–111
16. ^Middlebrook (2009), p. 111
17. ^Middlebrook (2009), pp. 114–115
18. ^{{Wikiquote-inline|Diana Gould|Diana Gould and Thatcher at an interview where Thatcher admits the Peruvian Peace Proposals did not reach London until after the attack on the Belgrano}}
19. ^1982 Falklands War Timeline {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501045212/http://falklands.info/history/82timeline.html |date=1 May 2009 }}, A Chronology of Events in the Falklands War
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/documentos/dictadura/hundimiento_del_general_belgrano_comunicados_oficiales.php |title=Hundimiento del General Belgrano - Comunicados oficiales |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |date=4 May 1982 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517050451/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/documentos/dictadura/hundimiento_del_general_belgrano_comunicados_oficiales.php |archivedate=17 May 2013 }}
21. ^Middlebrook (2009), pp. 115–116
22. ^¹Middlebrook (2009), p. 116
23. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/216868.stm |work=BBC News | title=Troubled history of Official Secrets Act | date=18 November 1998}}
24. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-16119332 |work=BBC News | title=Margaret Thatcher's Belgrano critic Diana Gould dies, aged 85 | date=9 December 2011}}
25. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8944544/Diana-Gould.html Obituary: Diana Gould], Daily Telegraph, 8 December 2011
26. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393313.stm |work=BBC News | title=1983: Thatcher triumphs again | date=5 April 2005 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}
27. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8965405/Belgrano-was-heading-to-the-Falklands-secret-papers-reveal.html|title=Belgrano was heading to the Falklands, secret papers reveal|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2017}}
28. ^https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8944544/Diana-Gould.html
29. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1518975.stm |work=BBC News | title=TV's top 10 tantrums | date=31 August 2001 | accessdate=25 April 2010}}
30. ^{{youtube|id=tbY9pTH8IW4|title=The Belgrano}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/gotcha.html |title=Gotcha |publisher=Bl.uk |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
32. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=481032 |title=No hallaron al ARA General Belgrano |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |date=15 March 2003 |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
33. ^¹{{cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Vivek |title=Argentina calls for 'war crimes' trials |date=10 August 1994 |page=7}}
34. ^{{cite news |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=&docId=IF502064289&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |last=Prentice |first=Eve-Ann |title=Argentina says Belgrano sinking was lawful act of war |publisher=The Times |date=11 August 1994 |page=11}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=144441 |title=Gesto británico en el mar Gesto británico en el mar |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
36. ^Seacor Lenga {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321055514/http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Remolcadores/OFFshore/SeacorLenga.htm |date=21 March 2008 }} (ship details, Spanish)
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=481169 |title=Llegó a puerto el Seacor Lenga |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |date=16 March 2003 |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=UK sued over Belgrano sinking|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/812146.stm|accessdate=2 January 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=29 June 2000}}
39. ^{{cite news|title=Belgrano legal action fails|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/841663.stm|accessdate=2 January 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=19 July 2000}}
40. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=700676 |title=Cartas de lectores Crucero Gral. Belgrano |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1121198 |title=Murió el comandante del crucero General Belgrano |work=La Nación |location=Argentina |language=Spanish |accessdate=2 December 2011}}
42. ^{{cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|title=Belgrano crew 'trigger happy'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/may/25/uk.world|accessdate=2 January 2013|newspaper=The Observer|date=25 May 2003}}
43. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2080490/Belgrano-Britain-WAS-right-sink-ship-attacked-Task-Force.html |title=Britain WAS right to sink the Belgrano: Newly released intelligence proves the Argentine ship had been ordered to attack our Task Force |date=30 December 2011 |work=Daily Mail |first=Guy |last=Walters |location=London}}
44. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8965405/Belgrano-was-heading-to-the-Falklands-secret-papers-reveal.html |title=Belgrano was heading to the Falklands, secret papers reveal |first=Thomas |last=Harding |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 December 2011 |location=London}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Belgrano-heading-Falklands-papers-reveal/story-14259697-detail/story.html |work=Western Morning News |publisher=This Is South Devon |title=Belgrano was heading to Falklands, papers reveal |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229043654/http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Belgrano-heading-Falklands-papers-reveal/story-14259697-detail/story.html |archive-date=29 December 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.eltribuno.info/salta/154893-Cristina-Lo-del-Belgrano-fue-un-crimen-de-guerra.note.aspx |publisher=El Tribuno |title=Cristina: "Lo del Belgrano fue un crimen de guerra" |date=3 May 2012}}