| 词条 | Belait language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Belait |altname = Lemeting |region = Brunei, Malaysia |state = Belait, Tutong (Brunei), Sarawak (Malaysia) |ethnicity = Belait people |speakers = 1,000 in Brunei |date = no date |ref = e16 |speakers2 = 700 in 1995 |familycolor = Austronesian |fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian |fam3 = North Bornean |fam4 = North Sarawakan |fam5 = Berawan–Lower Baram |fam6 = Lower Baram |fam7 = Kiput–Belait |iso3 = beg |glotto=bela1260 |glottorefname=Lemeting }}Belait, or Lemeting, is a Malayo-Polynesian language of Brunei and neighbouring Malaysia. It is spoken in villages in the Belait and Tutong districts. There were estimated to be 700 speakers in 1995.[1] ClassificationBelait is related to the Miri, Kiput and Narum languages of Sarawak. It is considered part of the Lower Baram subgroup of North Sarawak languages.[2] DialectsThere are four mutually-intelligible dialects of Belait.[3] These are spoken in two main regions:
Two distinct dialects of Belait - Metting and Bong - are spoken within the Mungkom village, Kiudang.[3] There are very few speakers of any of the dialects. PhonologyGeneral references on Belait phonology include Martin (1990) on Metting Belait[3][4] and Noor Alifah Abdullah (1992) on Labi Belait.[3][5] This sketch is based on the Metting dialect. Other dialects may vary in their phonology and lexicon. Consonants
VowelsMetting Belait has five monophthong vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. There is one diphthong /iə/. The phoneme /e/ is realised as [ə] in non-final syllables, and as [ɛ] and [e] in final syllables.[3] Syllable StructureLexical roots are disyllabic. Final syllables are typically (C)V((C)C). Non-final are typically ((C)C)V(C).[3] GrammarWord ClassesThe major word classes in Belait are verbs and nouns. The two classes can be distinguished by their distribution, form and function. For example, verbs are negated with the form (e)ndeh and nouns with the form kay':
There are also several closed functional classes:
Basic Clause StructureBelait is head-initial. This means that head nouns precede possessors and other modifiers. They also precede relative clauses.[3] Most clauses consist of a predicate and a subject. The subject can either follow or precede the predicate. Hence, word order is flexible.[3]
Predicates can be Verb Phrases (VP), Noun Phrases (NP) or a Prepositional Phrase (PP). Non-subject arguments of a verbal predicate occur immediately after the verb.[3] Verbal PredicatesThe head of a verbal predicate is the verb. There are two main types of verbs in Belait: intransitive and transitive. Intransitive verbs only have a single subject argument. They do not have any voice morphology on the verb. In contrast, transitive verbs occur in two different voices: Actor Voice (AV) and Undergoer Voice (UV). The two constructions are illustrated below:[3]
In the AV construction in (5) the subject is the Actor, i.e. idih unnah 'the people before'. In the UV construction in (6) the subject in the Undergoer, i.e. brejin 'durian'. In both cases, the subject comes before the predicate. The undergoer voice typically has perfective semantics. The actor voice tends to be used in other contexts.[3] References1. ^Martin, Peter W. 1995. 'Whither the indigenous languages of Brunei Darussalam?' Oceanic Linguistics 34:44-60 {{Bornean languages}}{{Languages of Brunei}}{{Languages of Malaysia}}2. ^Blust, Robert. 1997. 'Ablaut in Western Borneo'. Diachronica XIV:1-30. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clynes, Adrian. 2005. 'Belait'. In Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Alexander Adelaar (eds.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon: Routledge. 4. ^Martin, Peter W. 1990. Notes on the Phonology of Belait. Unpublished MS. 5. ^Noor Alifah Abdullah. 1992. Struktur bahasa Belait. Unpublished BA Thesis, Department of Malay Language and Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. 4 : Bornean languages|Languages of Brunei|Languages of Malaysia|Endangered Austronesian languages |
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