“Arain”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The origin of the Arain community is uncertain, with some members of the community claiming a connection with the Rajputs and others, with whom the historian and political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot agrees, believing that they are displaced farming communities who moved to Punjab from Sindh and Multan as Arab Muslim armies encroached. Jaffrelot also believes the community to be related to the Kamboj community mainly in the northern India and eastern Pakistan.^[4] Some scholars have linked Arains to the Rayeen, a Rajput caste of India.^[5] Ishtiaq Ahmed, a political scientist that is also a member of the Arain community, acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a Persian origin and others a Rajput descent. He says that the Arain claims of Arab descent could be viewed as a claim to status as "conquerors and original Muslims". He believes that the Arains "are a mix of many ethnicities and races", similar to other "farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana".^[6]

British Raj period

The Arains have mostly been small farmers specialising in vegetable production. In pre-partition Lahore district they were the main Muslim-landowning group located close to the urban areas while in the rural areas of the districts Jats predominated. When the British wanted land developed in the Punjab after its annexation, the Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around the cities, and were one of the preferred agricultural castes to assist with the opening up of the agrarian frontier in canal colonies between 1885 and 1940.^[7] The Arain received 86 per cent of the land that was allotted to Muslim agricultural castes in canal colonies.^[8]{{qn|date=June 2014}}

The British favoured them for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". Subsequent development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families thus flourished. Education was prioritised with the new-found wealth and the Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.^[3]

Distribution

The Arain were found in territory stretching from the Chenab in the west to the Sultlej in the east, in what was the Punjabi speaking heartland of the British colonial province of Punjab. This was also the region that suffered the worst violence during the partition of India in 1947, with almost the entire Arain population of Indian Punjab migrating to Pakistani territory. However, there are still a small number of Muslim Arains still found in Malerkotla, Sangrur and Patiala districts.^[9]

The bulk of the Arain population is now settled in the districts of Lahore, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Toba Tek Singh.^[10]{{qn|date=May 2015}}

Notable people

References

1. ^{{cite book |author= Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri|title=Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India, Volume 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&lpg=PA195&dq=arain%20gardening&pg=PA195|location= |publisher=Center for studies in Civilization |page=195 |date= |isbn=9788131716885 |access-date=February 11, 2015 }}
2. ^{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&lpg=PA375&dq=arain%20gardener%20pakistani&pg=PA375 |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page=375 |date= |isbn= 978-0520007703 |access-date=February 11, 2015}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal |title=Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988 |first=Shahid Javed |last=Burki |journal=Asian Survey |volume=28 |issue=10 |date=October 1988 |pages=1082–1100 |jstor=2644708 |doi=10.1525/as.1988.28.10.01p0206e}} {{subscription required}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=A History Of Pakistan And Its Origins |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot |others=trans. Beaumont, Gilliam |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781843311492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA154 |pages=154, 208 |accessdate=10 December 2012}}
5. ^People of India Haryana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia Manohar pages 410 to 415
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |title=There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip |first=Ishtiaq |last=Ahmed |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=18 April 2006 |accessdate=2014-06-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715223745/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |archivedate=15 July 2014 }}
7. ^"The Punjab Canal Colonies', 1885-1940", Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, 1980, p.29
8. ^"The Punjab Canal Colonies', 1885-1940", Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, 1980; and Imran Ali, The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1988).
9. ^People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 37 to 42 Manohar
10. ^{{cite book |title=Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain |first=Alison |last=Shaw |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-9-05823-075-1}}
11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/03/dina-arain-the-master-double-game-player.html |title=Dina Arain: the master 'double game' player}}
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=UG5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+arain+PAKISTAN+%22Chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+%22&dq=Chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+arain+PAKISTAN+%22Chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2XL2VLTSOJD8yQTVsoCIDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ Pakistan Under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq by Shahid Javed Burki, Craig Baxter, Robert LaPorte, Kamal Azfar Pg.4]
13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&lpg=PA112&dq=Zia-ul-Haq%20arain&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military By Husain Haqqani pg.112]
14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=y_iHAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA263&dq=Mian%20Family%20Baghbanpura%20arain&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q&f=false The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947 by Tan Tai Yong pg.263]