“Patrol boat”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine (blue water) or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. Vessels of this type include the original yacht (from Dutch/Low German jacht meaning hunting or hunt), a light, fast-sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into shallow waters.

Classification

They may be broadly classified as inshore patrol vessels (IPVs) and offshore patrol vessels (OPVs). They are warships typically smaller in size than a corvette and can include fast attack craft, torpedo boats and missile boats, although some are as large as a frigate. The offshore patrol vessels are usually the smallest ship in a navy's fleet that is large and seaworthy enough to patrol off-shore in the open ocean. In larger militaries, such as in the United States military, offshore patrol vessels usually serve in the coast guard, but many smaller nations navies operate these type of ships.

History

During both World Wars in order to rapidly build up numbers, all sides created auxiliary patrol boats by arming motorboats and seagoing fishing trawlers with machine guns and obsolescent naval weapons. Some modern patrol vessels are still based on fishing and leisure boats. Seagoing patrol boats are typically around 30 m (100 ft) in length and usually carry a single medium caliber artillery gun as main armament, and a variety of lighter secondary armament such as machine guns or a close-in weapon system. Depending on role, vessels in this class may also have more sophisticated sensors and fire control systems that would enable them to carry torpedoes, anti-ship and surface-to-air missiles.

Most modern designs are powered by gas turbine arrangements such as CODAG, and speeds are generally in the {{convert|25|–|30|kn}} range. They are primarily used for patrol in a country's Exclusive Economic Zone. Common tasks are fisheries inspection, anti-smuggling (usually anti-narcotics) duties, illegal immigration patrols, anti-piracy patrols and search and rescue (law enforcement-type of work). The largest OPVs might also have a flight deck and helicopter embarked. In times of crisis or war, these vessels are expected to support the larger vessels in the navy.

Their small size and relatively low cost make them one of the most common type of warship in the world. Almost all navies operate at least a few offshore patrol vessels, especially those with only "green water" capabilities. They are useful in smaller seas such as the North Sea as well as in open oceans. Similar vessels for exclusively military duties include torpedo boats and missile boats. The United States Navy operated the {{sclass-|Pegasus|hydrofoil|4}} of armed hydrofoils for years, in a patrol boat role. The River Patrol Boat (PBR, sometimes called "Riverine" and "Pibber") is a U.S. design of small patrol boat type designed to patrol waters of large rivers.

Specific nations

Albania

Argentina

Australia

Bahamas

Bangladesh

Brazil

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

China

Chile

Patrulleros de Zona Marítima FASSMER OPV-80 class. 4 of 6 units planned, built by ASMAR under license of FASSMER Gmbh:

Colombia

Croatia

Denmark

Eritrea

France

Finland

Germany

Greece

Hellenic Navy

Hellenic Coast Guard

Hong Kong

Hong Kong Police Force

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Latvia

Malaysia

Malta

Mexico

Morocco

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Philippines

Peru

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Senegal

Singapore

Slovenia

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

Sri Lanka

Suriname

Sweden

Additionally, the Royal Swedish Navy also operates smaller types of patrol boats (Swedish: bevakningsbåt = "guard boat"):

The Swedish Coast Guard operate an additional 22 patrol vessels for maritime surveillance.

Thailand

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

United States Navy

United States Coast Guard

Vietnam

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Brazil_getting_armored_vehicles_boats_999.html|title=Brazil getting armored vehicles, boats|last=|first=|date=10 August 2012|work=Space War|access-date=19 August 2017|publisher=Space Media Network|agency=UPI|quote=The first-of-class Amazonas was constructed at BAE Systems' Portsmouth facility.}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.baesystems.com/product/BAES_027244|title=Offshore Patrol Vessels|last=|first=|date=n.d.|website=|publisher=BAE Systems|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117145345/http://www.baesystems.com/product/BAES_027244?_afrLoop=4642021291097000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null&baeSessionId=yqLmQ4QhyVS3gJm1FF1L2wHGZV8R2MzT7CKnpT11mcyNBQ5PNhby!791695071|archive-date=17 January 2013|dead-url=yes|access-date=|quote=We are supplying three Ocean Patrol Vessels and ancillary support services to the Brazilian Navy, as well as a manufacturing licence to enable further vessels of the same class to be constructed in Brazil. P120 Amazonas, P121 Apa and P122 Araguari|df=}}
3. ^https://obris.org/hrvatska/oob-31-omis-predan-u-ruke-os-rh/
4. ^{{cite web | title=Gunboats Class Osprey 55 | publisher=Hellenic Navy | year=2008 | url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_osprey55%20_en.asp | accessdate=2008-07-15 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530180839/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_osprey55%20_en.asp | archivedate=2008-05-30 | df= }}
5. ^{{cite web | title=Gunboats Class Osprey HSY-55 | publisher=Hellenic Navy | year=2008 | url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_ospreyHSY55%20_en.asp | accessdate=2008-07-15 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530180844/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_ospreyHSY55%20_en.asp | archivedate=2008-05-30 | df= }}
6. ^{{cite web | title=Gunboats Class Asheville | publisher=Hellenic Navy | year=2008 | url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_asheville%20_en.asp | accessdate=2008-07-15 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530180834/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/gunboats_asheville%20_en.asp | archivedate=2008-05-30 | df= }}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Hellenic Defence Report 2009-2010 (Yearbook of the magazine Hellenic Defence & Security)|author=E.A. Pagotsis|editor=G. Christogiannakis|publisher=Line Defence Publications Ltd|location=Athens|year=2009|pages=81}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military.ie/en/naval-service/fleet|title=Naval Service - Defence Forces|website=www.military.ie}}