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词条 Paul Baran
释义

  1. Early life

  2. Packet switched network design

     Selling the idea 

  3. Later work

  4. Death

  5. Awards and honors

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

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| name = Paul Baran
| image = Paul Baran.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|04|29}}
| birth_place = Grodno, Poland
(now Belarus)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|03|26|1926|04|29}}
| death_place = Palo Alto, California, U.S.
| residence =
| citizenship = United States
| nationality =
| fields =
| workplaces = RAND Corporation
| alma_mater = UCLA (M.S., 1959)
Drexel Institute of Technology (B.S., 1949)
Philadelphia
| known_for = Packet Switching
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{no wrap|IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1990)
Computer History Museum Fellow (2005) [1]
Marconi Prize {{small|(1991)}}
NMTI (2007)
National Inventors Hall of Fame}}
| signature =
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| footnotes =
| spouse = Evelyn Murphy Baran, PhD
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Paul Baran ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|r|ən}}; April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was a Polish-born Jewish American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks. He was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching,[2] which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide, and went on to start several companies and develop other technologies that are an essential part of modern digital communication.

Early life

He was born in Grodno (then Second Polish Republic, now part of Belarus) on April 29, 1926.[3][4] He was the youngest of three children in a Polish-Jewish family,[5] with the Yiddish given name "Pesach." His family moved to the United States on May 11, 1928,[6] settling in Boston and later in Philadelphia, where his father, Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979), opened a grocery store. He graduated from Drexel University (then called Drexel Institute of Technology) in 1949, with a degree in electrical engineering. He then joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, where he did technical work on UNIVAC models, the first brand of commercial computers in the United States.[7] In 1955 he married Evelyn Murphy, moved to Los Angeles, and worked for Hughes Aircraft on radar data processing systems. He obtained his master's degree in engineering from UCLA in 1959, with advisor Gerald Estrin while he took night classes. His thesis was on character recognition.[3] While Baran initially stayed on at UCLA to pursue his doctorate, a heavy travel and work schedule forced him to abandon his doctoral work.[8]

Packet switched network design

After joining the RAND Corporation in 1959, Baran took on the task of designing a "survivable" communications system that could maintain communication between end points in the face of damage from nuclear weapons during the Cold War.[9] Then, most American military communications used high-frequency connections, which could be put out of action for many hours by a nuclear attack. Baran decided to automate RAND Director Franklin R. Collbohm's previous work with emergency communication over conventional AM radio networks and showed that a distributed relay node architecture could be survivable. The Rome Air Development Center soon showed that the idea was practicable.[10]

Using the minicomputer technology of the day, Baran and his team developed a simulation suite to test basic connectivity of an array of nodes with varying degrees of linking. That is, a network of n-ary degree of connectivity would have n links per node. The simulation randomly "killed" nodes and subsequently tested the percentage of nodes that remained connected. The result of the simulation revealed that networks in which n ≥ 3 had a significant increase in resilience against even as much as 50% node loss. Baran's insight gained from the simulation was that redundancy was the key.[11] His first work was published as a RAND report in 1960,[12] with more papers generalizing the techniques in the next two years.[13]

After proving survivability, Baran and his team needed to show proof of concept for that design so that it could be built. That involved high-level schematics detailing the operation, construction, and cost of all the components required to construct a network that leveraged the new insight of redundant links. The result was one of the first store-and-forward data layer switching protocols, a link-state/distance vector routing protocol, and an unproved connection-oriented transport protocol. Explicit detail of the designs can be found in the complete series of reports On Distributed Communications, published by RAND in 1964.[14]

The design flew in the face of telephony design of the time by placing inexpensive and unreliable nodes at the center of the network and more intelligent terminating 'multiplexer' devices at the endpoints. In Baran's words, unlike the telephone company's equipment, his design did not require expensive "gold plated" components to be reliable. The Distributed Network that Baran introduced was intended to route around damage. It provided connection to others through many points, not one centralized connection. Fundamental to the scheme was the division of the information into "blocks" before they were sent out across the network. That enabled the data to travel faster and communications lines to be used more efficiently. Each block was sent separately, traveling different paths and rejoining into a whole when they were received at their destination.

Selling the idea

After the publication of On Distributed Communications, he presented the findings of his team to a number of audiences, including AT&T engineers (not to be confused with Bell Labs engineers, who at the time provided Paul Baran with the specifications for the first generation of T1 circuit that he used as the links in his network design proposal). In subsequent interviews, Baran mentioned how the AT&T engineers scoffed at his idea of non-dedicated physical circuits for voice communications, at times claiming that Baran simply did not understand how voice telecommunication worked.[15]

Donald Davies, at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom, also thought of the same idea[3][16] and implemented a trial network. While Baran used the term "message blocks" for his units of communication, Davies used the term "packets," as it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.[17] He applied the concept to a general-purpose computer network. Davies's key insight came in the realization that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" with periods of silence, compared with relatively-constant telephone traffic. It was in fact Davies's work on packet switching, not Baran's, that initially caught the attention of the developers of ARPANET at a conference in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967.[18] Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an e-mail to Davies, he wrote: {{Quote|You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients.[19]}}

Leonard Kleinrock, a contemporary working on analyzing message flow using queueing theory, developed a theoretical basis for the operation of message switching networks in his proposal for a Ph.D. thesis in 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.[20] He later applied this theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. However, the contribution of Kleinrock's early work as a theoretical basis of packet switching is disputed by some,[21][22][23] including Robert Taylor,[24] Baran[25] and Davies.[26] The US National Inventors Hall of Fame, which recognizes inventors who hold a US patent of highly-significant technology, records Paul Baran and Donald Davies as the inventors of digital packet switching.[27][28]

In 1969, when the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started developing the idea of an internetworked set of terminals to share computing resources, the reference materials that they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation's "On Distributed Communications" volumes.[3] The resiliency of a packet-switched network that uses link-state routing protocols, which are used on the Internet, stems in some part from the research to develop a network that could survive a nuclear attack.[3][33]

Later work

In 1968, Baran was a founder of the Institute for the Future and was then involved in other networking technologies developed in Silicon Valley. He participated in a review of the NBS proposal for a Data Encryption Standard in 1976, along with Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie of Stanford University.[29] In the early 1980s, Baran founded PacketCable, Inc, "to support impulse-pay television channels, locally generated videotex, and packetized voice transmission."[30][31] PacketCable, also known as Packet Technologies, spun off StrataCom to commercialize his packet voice technology for the telephony market. That technology led to the first commercial pre-standard Asynchronous Transfer Mode product. He founded Telebit after conceiving its discrete multitone modem technology in the mid-1980s. It was one of the first commercial products to use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, which was later widely deployed in DSL modems and Wi-Fi wireless modems. In 1985, Baran founded Metricom, the first wireless Internet company, which deployed Ricochet,[4] the first public wireless mesh networking system. In 1992, he also founded Com21, an early cable modem company.[7] After Com21, Baran founded and was president of GoBackTV, which specializes in personal TV and cable IPTV infrastructure equipment for television operators.[32] Most recently, he founded Plaster Networks, providing an advanced solution for connecting networked devices in the home or small office through existing wiring.[33]

Baran extended his work in packet switching to wireless-spectrum theory, developing what he called "kindergarten rules" for the use of wireless spectrum.[34]

In addition to his innovation in networking products, he is also credited with inventing the first doorway gun detector.[7][35]

He received an honorary doctorate when he gave the commencement speech at Drexel in 1997.[36]

Death

Baran died in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011[3][37] from complications caused by lung cancer.[33] Upon his death, RAND President James Thomson, stated, "Our world is a better place for the technologies Paul Baran invented and developed, and also because of his consistent concern with appropriate public policies for their use."[37]

One of the fathers of the Internet, Vinton Cerf, stated, "Paul wasn't afraid to go in directions counter to what everyone else thought was the right or only thing to do."[38] According to Paul Saffo, Baran also believed that innovation was a "team process" and avoided seeking credit for himself.[35] On hearing news of his death, Robert Kahn, co-inventor of the Internet, said: "Paul was one of the finest gentlemen I ever met and creative to the very end."

Awards and honors

  • IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1990)[39]
  • Marconi Prize (1991)
  • Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize (1996)
  • Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2001)[7]
  • Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)[40]
  • Fellow of the Computer History Museum (2005) "for fundamental contributions to the architecture of the Internet and for a lifetime of entrepreneurial activity."
  • National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)
  • National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2007)[41]
  • UCLA Engineering Alumnus of the Year (2009)[42]
  • Internet Hall of Fame (2012)[43]

See also

  • Internet pioneers

References

1. ^Paul Baran 2005 Fellow {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103004756/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Paul,Baran/ |date=2015-01-03 }}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Harris}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |title = Paul Baran, Internet Pioneer, Dies at 84 |author= Katie Hafner |date = March 27, 2011 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/technology/28baran.html |work = The New York Times }}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Paul_Baran |title=Paul Baran |author=Nathan Brewer |date=March 28, 2011 |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |location=New York |accessdate=March 28, 2011 |display-authors=etal}}
5. ^{{cite web |title= Paul Baran |author= Georgi Dalakov |work= History of Computers web site |url= http://history-computer.com/Internet/Birth/Baran.html |accessdate= March 31, 2011 }}
6. ^{{cite web |title= Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979) |author= David Ira Snyder |date= August 4, 2009 |url= http://www.geni.com/people/Morris-Moshe-Baran/6000000005033975818 |work= Genealogy of the Baran family |publisher= Geni.com web site |accessdate= March 29, 2011 }}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/2001/baran_paul.faw?winner_id=2272 |title=Paul Baran - Franklin Laureate Database |work=The Franklin Institute Awards - Laureate Database |publisher=The Franklin Institute |location=Philadelphia, PA |accessdate=March 29, 2011}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Hafner|first=Katie|title=Where wizards stay up late : the origins of the Internet|year=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-81201-0|page=54|edition=1st Touchstone|author2=Lyon, Matthew}}
9. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908 | title = Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away |date = March 28, 2011 | work = BBC News | accessdate = March 28, 2011}}
10. ^{{cite journal |last=Brand|first=Stewart |authorlink=Stewart Brand |date=March 2001 |title=Founding Father |journal=Wired |volume=9 |issue=3 |location=New York |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |issn=1059-1028 |oclc=433726773 |accessdate=March 27, 2011 |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html |quote=Paul Baran conceived the Internet's architecture at the height of the Cold War. Forty years later, he says the Net's biggest threat wasn't the USSR—it was the phone company}} Stewart Brand's interviews Paul Baran about his work at RAND on survivable networks.
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html |title=Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet |publisher=RAND corporation |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
12. ^{{cite journal |title= Reliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes |work= RAND Corporation papers, document P-1995 |year= 1960 |author= Paul Baran |url= https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1995.html |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite journal |title= On Distributed Communications Networks |work= RAND Corporation papers, document P-2626 |year= 1962 |author= Paul Baran |url= https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2626.html |accessdate= March 29, 2011 }}
14. ^{{cite web |title=On Distributed Communications |author= Paul Baran|year=1964 |publisher=Rand |url=https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060615000308/https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html |archivedate= June 15, 2006 |display-authors=etal}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/03/internet-architect-paul-baran-dies-at-84/|title=Internet Architect Paul Baran Dies at 84 |publisher=Wired |date= March 28, 2011|accessdate= March 29, 2011|first=John C|last=Abell}}
16. ^{{cite web |title= Donald Davies |author= Georgi Dalakov |work= History of Computers web site |url= http://history-computer.com/Internet/Birth/Davis.html |accessdate= March 31, 2011 }}
17. ^{{Harvnb|Harris|p=6}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=237|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Harris|p=9}}
20. ^{{Citation | last = Kleinrock | first = Leonard | author-link = Leonard Kleinrock | title = Information flow in large communication nets | journal = RLE Quarterly Progress Report | issue =1 | year = 1961 }}
21. ^{{citation |title= Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking" |year= 2009 |author= Alex McKenzie |url= http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html |accessdate= April 23, 2015}}"...there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."
22. ^{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=245|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching}}
23. ^{{Harvnb|Harris}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html|accessdate=10 September 2017|work=New York Times|date=22 November 2001|quote=Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.}}
25. ^{{citation |title= A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers |newspaper= New York Times|date= November 8, 2001 |author= Katie Hefner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all|quote="The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration."}}
26. ^{{citation |title= A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching |quote="I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching."|journal= Computer Journal, British Computer Society|year= 2001 |author= Donald Davies |url=http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Inductee Details - Paul Baran|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|accessdate=6 September 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|accessdate=6 September 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.toad.com/des-stanford-meeting.html |title=DES (Data Encryption Standard) Review at Stanford University - Recording and Transcript|year=1976}}
30. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |title=Baran's keynote on The Past, Present, and Future of Convergence |date=1999-02-09 |archivedate=April 15, 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-20}}
31. ^Baran, "Packetcable: A New Interactive Cable System Technology," 31st Annual NCTA Convention Official Transcript, 1982, cited in US patent 4,754,426
32. ^{{cite web |title= Management Team |work= goBackTV web site |url= http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php |accessdate= March 29, 2011 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110321031846/http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php |archivedate= March 21, 2011 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web |title= About Plaster Networks |work= Plaster Networks web site |url= http://www.plasternetworks.com/about.html |accessdate= March 29, 2011 }}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript |title=Keynote Talk Transcript, 8th Annual Conference on Next Generation Networks Washington, DC |first=Paul |last=Baran |date=November 9, 1994 |work=EFF "GII - NII - Wireless/Cellular/Radio" Archive |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |location=San Francisco, CA |accessdate=March 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323202905/https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript |archivedate=March 23, 2011 |df= }}
35. ^1 {{cite news |author= Jessica Guynn |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-paul-baran-20110329,0,4562265.story |title=Paul Baran dies at 84; inventor helped lay foundation for Internet |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date= March 29, 2011 |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
36. ^{{cite news |title=Opportunity Lies In Ideas, Engineer Tells Drexel Grads Paul Baran, "the Grandfather Of The Internet" Spoke At His Alma Mater. He Received An Honorary Doctorate |author=Nita Lelyveld |date=June 15, 1997 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1997-06-15/news/25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony |newspaper= The Inquirer |location= Philadelphia |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
37. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/03/29/packet-switching-inventor-paul-baran-dies-aged-84-40092315/|title=Packet switching inventor Paul Baran dies aged 84|publisher=ZDNet UK|date= March 29, 2011 |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908 |title=Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away|publisher=BBC|date= March 28, 2011|accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/bell_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Recipients |page=2 |publisher=IEEE |accessdate= March 29, 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=May 17, 2011}}
41. ^{{cite web|date=January 7, 2010 |title=The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 2007 Laureates |url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/2007.jsp |publisher=The United States Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate= March 31, 2011 }}
42. ^{{cite web |title= In Memoriam: Paul Baran MS '59 |work= UCLA Engineering web site |url= http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959 |accessdate= March 28, 2011 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033319/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959 |archivedate= June 11, 2011 |df= }}
43. ^2012 Inductees, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed April 24, 2012

External links

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_rand.htm |title=Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching |date=January 17, 2011 |work=livinginternet.com |publisher=William Stewart |accessdate=March 31, 2011 }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107101 |title=Oral history interview with Paul Baran |first=Judy E. |last=O'Neill |date=March 5, 1990 |publisher=Charles Babbage Institute |location=Minneapolis, MN |accessdate=March 31, 2011 }} A 44-page transcript in which Baran describes his working environment at RAND, his initial interest in survivable communications, the evolution of his plan for distributed networks, the objections he received, and the writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, On Distributed Communications. Baran discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
  • {{Citation | last = Harris | first = Trevor | title = Who is the Father of the Internet? The case for Donald Watts Davies | url = https://academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies | accessdate = 10 July 2013}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Patrick S. |date=June 1, 2005 |title=SSRN-Wireless Communications and Computing at a Crossroads: New Paradigms and Their Impact on Theories Governing the Public's Right to Spectrum Access |journal=Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=239–274 |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=University of Colorado Law School |url=http://www.silicon-flatirons.org/index.php|format=PDF |issn=1543-8899 |oclc=66137086 |accessdate=|ssrn=732483}} This describes Paul Baran's development of packet switching and its application to wireless computing.
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316015220/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |title=Convergence: Past, Present, and Future: Paul Baran Addresses CableLabs® Winter Conference |date=February 1999 |publisher=Cable Television Laboratories, Inc |location=Louisville, CO |accessdate=March 31, 2011 |archivedate=March 16, 2006 |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript=}} A transcript of Baran's keynote address at the Countdown to Technology 2000 Winter Conference that includes a photo.
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html |title=Paul Baran, Internet and packet switching pioneer, is mourned |first=Bob |last=Brown |date=March 27, 2011 |publisher=Network World, Inc |location=Framingham, MA |accessdate=April 2, 2011 |quote=Baran credited with inventing packet switching in 1960s against military backdrop |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831223417/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html |archivedate=August 31, 2011 |df= }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/baran.html |title=Paul Baran |authorlink= |date=November 6, 2005 |work=ibiblio.org |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |location=Chapel Hill, NC |accessdate=April 2, 2011 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Gilder |first=George |authorlink=George Gilder |date=June 2, 1997 |title=Inventing the Internet Again |journal=Forbes ASAP |volume=159 |issue=11 |pages=106–120 |location=New York |publisher=Forbes |issn=1078-9901 |oclc=173437996 |accessdate=April 8, 2011 |url=http://www.gilder.com/public/telecosm_series/inventing.html |archiveurl=http://www.privateline.com/Switching/gilder.html |archivedate= April 10, 2006 }}
  • Paul Baran named 1991 Marconi Fellow
{{s-start}}{{s-ach|aw}}{{s-bef|before=Gerald R. Ash and Billy B. Oliver}}{{s-ttl|title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal|years=1990}}{{s-aft|after=C. Chapin Cutler, John O. Limb and Arun Netravali}}{{s-end}}{{Internet Hall of Fame}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Baran, Paul}}

16 : 1926 births|2011 deaths|American communications businesspeople|American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent|American people of Polish-Jewish descent|Belarusian Jews|Drexel University alumni|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Internet pioneers|Packets (information technology)|People from Grodno|National Medal of Technology recipients|RAND Corporation people|Polish emigrants to the United States|Polish Jews|UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
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