“Benorterone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Benorterone is an antiandrogen, or an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of the androgen sex hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.^[2] In one study, the affinity of benorterone for the AR was found to be about 5-fold greater than that of cyproterone acetate in rat prostate cytosol; the K_i values were 0.7 nM for benorterone and 3.7 nM for cyproterone acetate, which were 243% and 46% of those of testosterone (K_i = 1.7 nM), respectively.^[3]^[4] However, another study found that benorterone had only 11% of the affinity of dihydrotestosterone for the androgen receptor.^[3] Although an antiandrogen, benorterone actually is a very weak partial agonist of the AR and has been reported to possess weak androgenic activity.^[10] The same is true for cyproterone acetate and other steroidal antiandrogens.^[5]^[6]

Unlike certain other steroidal antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate, benorterone is not also a progestogen, instead being described as a selective and pure AR antagonist similarly to nonsteroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide and bicalutamide.^[7]^[2] However, although it is described as not being a progestogen, benorterone was found to produce "a highly variable decrease in plasma testosterone levels," indicating that it has weak antigonadotropic effects.^[2]^[8] The reasons for this are unclear, as other pure antiandrogens such as cyproterone (not cyproterone acetate) and flutamide do not do this and instead produce consistent increases in testosterone levels.^[9] However, it is notable that the anabolic steroid methyltestosterone, which benorterone differs from in chemical structure only by the removal of a carbon atom in the B ring, is aromatized into the estrogen methylestradiol and has potent estrogenic activity.^[10] Estrogens are antigonadotropic similarly to androgens and progestogens and are likewise able to suppress testosterone levels.^[11] In accordance, the compound corresponding to what would be the aromatized form of benorterone, 17α-methyl-B-norestradiol, has been described and has been reported to possess estrogenic activity, although the aromatization of benorterone has not been assessed.^[12]

A couple of studies found that prothrombin levels decreased by 50% in some patients treated with benorterone, although a causal relationship between this change and benorterone could not be shown.^[2]

Pharmacokinetics

Benorterone is active orally and topically and has been studied by both of these routes of administration.^[1]

Chemistry

Benorterone, also known as 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone or as 17α-methyl-B-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone.^[1] Specifically, it is the C17α methyl and B-nor analogue of testosterone and the B-nor analogue of methyltestosterone.^[1] Other testosterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate, BOMT, delanterone, dienogest, galeterone, metogest, mifepristone, oxendolone, rosterolone, topterone, trimethyltrienolone, and zanoterone, while progesterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include examples like cyproterone and cyproterone acetate.^[1]

History

Benorterone was developed in the late 1950s, was first reported to possess antiandrogenic activity in 1964, and was investigated in clinical trials in the mid-to-late 1960s.^[1]^[13]^[14] It was the first known antiandrogen to be studied in humans.^[13] The drug was found to be effective in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, and hirsutism in women.^[2]^[15]^[16] In addition, unlike progestogenic antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate, it seldom produced side effects in women and did not affect menstruation.^[2] However, in males, benorterone was not effective for acne, and produced high rates of gynecomastia (in 12 out of 13 or 92% of young men).^[17]^[18] Shortly following the observance of this side effect, it was withdrawn from clinical studies.^[2]^[13] Subsequently, cyproterone acetate, which has a greatly reduced risk of gynecomastia by virtue of its concomitant progestogenic and antigonadotropic actions (which results in suppression of estrogen levels), was developed instead and was introduced for medical use in 1973.^[19] In addition, spironolactone, a steroidal antimineralocorticoid that was introduced for medical use in 1959, was discovered to possess potent antiandrogenic activity in 1969, and became widely used clinically as an antiandrogen after its first use in an androgen-dependent condition in 1978.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Society and culture

Generic names

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book |author=J. Elks |title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3 |pages=129–}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book |author1=A. Hughes |author2=S. H. Hasan |author3=G. W. Oertel |author4=H. E. Voss |author5=F. Bahner |author6=F. Neumann |author7=H. Steinbeck |author8=K.-J. Gräf |author9=J. Brotherton |author10=H. J. Horn |author11=R. K. Wagner |title=Androgens II and Antiandrogens / Androgene II und Antiandrogene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JPsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA491 |date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-80859-3 |pages=491–492, 516–517, 523}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal | vauthors = Tindall DJ, Chang CH, Lobl TJ, Cunningham GR | title = Androgen antagonists in androgen target tissues | journal = Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 367–400 | date = 1984 | pmid = 6205409 | doi = 10.1016/0163-7258(84)90010-X | url = }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stárka L, Sulcová J, Broulik PD, Joska J, Fajkos J, Doskocil M | title = Screening for antiandrogenic activity of some 4,5-cyclo-A-homo-B-nor-and-androstane derivatives | journal = J. Steroid Biochem. | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 939–41 | date = September 1977 | pmid = 916678 | doi = 10.1016/0022-4731(77)90190-X | url = }}
5. ^{{cite book|author1=William D. Figg|author2=Cindy H. Chau|author3=Eric J. Small|title=Drug Management of Prostate Cancer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KDrjeWA5-UC&pg=PA71|date=14 September 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-60327-829-4|pages=71–}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Marc A. Fritz|author2=Leon Speroff|title=Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll73ZsBKLkwC&pg=PA80|year=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-7968-5|pages=80–}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Saunders |first1=Harry L. |last2=Holden |first2=Kenneth |last3=Kerwin |first3=James F. |title=The anti-androgenic activity of 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone (SK&F 7690) |journal=Steroids |volume=3 |issue=6 |year=1964 |pages=687–698 |issn=0039-128X |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(64)90117-5}}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahesh VB | title = Hirsutism, virilism, polycystic ovarian disease, and the steroid-gonadotropin-feedback system: a career retrospective | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 302 | issue = 1 | pages = E4–E18 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22028409 | pmc = 3328092 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2011 | url = }}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Kenneth L. Becker|title=Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfzRvaucq8C&pg=PA1196|year=2001|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-1750-2|pages=1196–}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=William Llewellyn|title=Anabolics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afKLA-6wW0oC&pg=PT533|year=2011|publisher=Molecular Nutrition Llc|isbn=978-0-9828280-1-4|pages=533–}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Michael Oettel|author2=Ekkehard Schillinger|title=Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA543|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-60107-1|pages=543–543}}
12. ^Fare, L. R., Kerwin, J. F., & Kinney, R. W. (1968). U.S. Patent No. 3,377,361. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3377361A/en
13. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|author1=Howard S. Jacobs|author2=Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (Great Britain)|title=Advances in gynaecological endocrinology: proceedings of the Sixth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 18th and 19th October, 1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waMTAQAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=The College|isbn=978-0-87489-225-3|page=367|quote=Limited clinical experience also exists with benorterone, the first anti-androgen tried in man, and with free cyproterone. In the late sixties benorterone was reported to give promising results in 93 androgenized women but was soon withdrawn from clinical trial, mainly because of the development of gynaecomastia in the male. As a big advantage compared with CPA, it was found to be effective not only orally but also topically. Free cyproterone, on the other hand, proved to be without clinical value for reasons that cannot be discussed here. Thus we are left with CPA as the only anti-androgen that is already on the market in several countries.}}
14. ^¹{{cite journal | vauthors = Pria SD, Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB | title = An antiandrogen in acne and idiopathic hirsutism | journal = J. Invest. Dermatol. | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 348–50 | date = April 1969 | pmid = 4238084 | doi = | url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82383722.pdf}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last1=Zarate |first1=A. |last2=Mahesh |first2=V. B. |last3=Greenblatt |first3=R. B. |title=Effect of an Antiandrogen, 17α-Methyl-B-nortestosterone, on Acne and Hirsutism |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=26 |issue=12 |year=1966 |pages=1394–1398 |issn=0021-972X |doi=10.1210/jcem-26-12-1394}}
16. ^{{cite book |author1=Constantin E. Orfanos |author2=Rudolf Happle |title=Hair and Hair Diseases |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7urBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1195 |year=1990 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-74612-3 |pages=1195–}}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Caplan RM | title = Gynecomastia from a non-estrogenic anti-androgen | journal = J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 1348–9 | date = September 1967 | pmid = 4227085 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-27-9-1348 | url = }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sobrinho LG, Kase N, Grunt JA | title = Spontaneous pubertal breast growth in a castrated patient with the syndrome of testicular feminization | journal = Yale J Biol Med | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–9 | year = 1971 | pmid = 5123057 | pmc = 2591727 | doi = | url = }}
19. ^{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1182 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1182–}}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Steelman SL, Brooks JR, Morgan ER, Patanelli DJ | title = Anti-androgenic activity of spironolactone | journal = Steroids | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 449–50 | date = October 1969 | pmid = 5344274 | doi = 10.1016/S0039-128X(69)80007-3 | url = }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ober KP, Hennessy JF | title = Spironolactone therapy for hirsutism in a hyperandrogenic woman | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 89 | issue = 5 Pt 1 | pages = 643–4 | date = November 1978 | pmid = 717935 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-643 | url = }}
22. ^{{cite book|author1=Michele Curtis|author2=Leah Antoniewicz|author3=Silvia T. Linares|title=Glass' Office Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60831-820-9|pages=47–}}