“Paul Graham (programmer)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Paul Graham grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he attended Gateway High School.

Education

Graham received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Cornell University^[8]^[6] (1986).^[7] He then attended Harvard University, earning Master of Science (1988) and Doctor of Philosophy (1990) degrees in Computer Science.^[8]^[9] He has also studied painting at the Rhode Island School of Design and at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence.^[8]^[9]

Career

In 1996, Graham and Robert Morris founded Viaweb, the first application service provider (ASP). Viaweb's software, written mostly in Common Lisp, allowed users to make their own Internet stores. In the summer of 1998 Viaweb was sold to Yahoo! for 455,000 shares of Yahoo! stock, valued at $49.6 million.^[10] After the acquisition, the product became Yahoo! Store.

He later gained fame for his essays, of which he posts to his personal website, paulgraham.com. Essay subjects range from "Beating the Averages",^[11] which compares Lisp to other programming languages and introduced the hypothetical programming language Blub, to "Why Nerds are Unpopular",^[12] a discussion of nerd life in high school. A collection of his essays has been published as Hackers & Painters ^[13] by O'Reilly, which includes a discussion of the growth of Viaweb and what Graham perceives to be the advantages of Lisp to program it.

In 2001, Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named Arc. Over the years since, he has written several essays describing features or goals of the language, and some internal projects at Y Combinator have been written in Arc, most notably the Hacker News web forum and news aggregator program.

In 2005, after giving a talk at the Harvard Computer Society later published as "How to Start a Startup", Graham along with Trevor Blackwell, Jessica Livingston and Robert Morris started Y Combinator to provide seed funding to a large number of startups, particularly those started by younger, more technically oriented founders. Y Combinator has now invested in more than 1300 startups, including Justin.tv, Xobni, Dropbox, Airbnb and Stripe.^[14]

In response to the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), Graham announced in late 2011 that no representatives of any company supporting it would be invited to Y Combinator's Demo Day events.^[19]

Essays

Graham's hierarchy of disagreement

Graham proposed a "disagreement hierarchy" in a 2008 essay "How to Disagree",^[20] putting types of argument into a seven-point hierarchy and observing that "If moving up the disagreement hierarchy makes people less mean, that will make most of them happier." Graham also suggested that the hierarchy can be thought of as a pyramid, as the highest forms of disagreement are rarer.

Following this hierarchy, Graham notes that articulate forms of name-calling (e.g. "The author is a self-important dilettante") are no different from crude insults.

The Blub paradox

Graham considers the hierarchy of programming languages with the example of "Blub", a hypothetically average language "right in the middle of the abstractness continuum. It is not the most powerful language, but it is more powerful than Cobol or machine language."^[21] It was used by Graham to illustrate a comparison, beyond Turing completeness, of programming language power, and more specifically to illustrate the difficulty of comparing a programming language one knows to one that one does not.^[22]

Graham considers a hypothetical Blub programmer. When the programmer looks down the "power continuum", he considers the lower languages to be less powerful because they miss some feature that a Blub programmer is used to. But when he looks up, he fails to realise that he is looking up: he merely sees "weird languages" with unnecessary features and assumes they are equivalent in power, but with "other hairy stuff thrown in as well". When Graham considers the point of view of a programmer using a language higher than Blub, he describes that programmer as looking down on Blub and noting its "missing" features from the point of view of the higher language.^[22]

Graham describes this as the "Blub paradox" and concludes that "By induction, the only programmers in a position to see all the differences in power between the various languages are those who understand the most powerful one."^[22]

The concept has been cited{{why|date=January 2017}} by writers such as Joel Spolsky.^[23]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=324331 |title=No; I was born in Weymouth, England. My father's Welsh though. | Hacker News |publisher=News.ycombinator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-23}}
2. ^¹{{cite web | title= Graham, Paul 1964- Authorities & Vocabularies (Library of Congress Name Authority File) | url= http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2005023870.html | publisher= U.S. Library of Congress | date = 11 March 2005 | quote= (Paul Graham, b. Nov. 13, 1964) |accessdate= 12 March 2012}}
3. ^{{cite book |author=Graham, Paul |title=On Lisp: advanced techniques for Common Lisp |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=1994 |pages= |isbn=0-13-030552-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
4. ^{{cite book |author=Graham, Paul |title=ANSI Common Lisp |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=1996 |pages= |isbn=0-13-370875-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
5. ^Y Combinator Has Gone Supernova https://www.wired.com/story/y-combinator-has-gone-supernova/
6. ^Undergraduation. Paul Graham. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
7. ^EZRA: Cornell's Quarterly Magazine (Fall 2011) "Paul Graham '86"
8. ^¹²{{cite web | url = http://www.paulgraham.com/bio.html | title = Paul Graham biography | publisher = PaulGraham.com | accessdate = 22 July 2011}}
9. ^¹{{cite web | url = http://speakermix.com/paul-graham | title = Paul Graham biography | publisher = SpeakerMix.com | accessdate = 6 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409224705/http://speakermix.com/paul-graham | archivedate = 9 April 2012 | df = dmy-all }}
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release184.html | title = Yahoo! to Acquire Viaweb | publisher = Yahoo! Inc | date = 8 June 1998 | accessdate = 14 April 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701083734/http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release184.html | archivedate = 1 July 2007 | df = dmy-all }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paulgraham.com/avg.html|title=Beating the Averages|work=paulgraham.com}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://paulgraham.com/nerds.html|title=Why Nerds are Unpopular|work=paulgraham.com}}
13. ^¹{{cite book |author=Graham, Paul |title=Hackers & painters: big ideas from the computer age |publisher=O'Reilly |location=Sebastopol, CA |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-596-00662-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Y Combinator Companies - Y Combinator Universe|url=http://ycuniverse.com/ycombinator-companies|accessdate=13 March 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web | url = http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/09/0929_most_influential/7.htm | title = The Papa Bear: Paul Graham | work = BusinessWeek | date = 29 September 2008 | accessdate= 29 September 2008}}
16. ^{{cite web | url = http://arclanguage.org/item?id=8509 | title = Where are we going? | publisher = arclanguage.org |date = 26 October 2008 | accessdate = 14 November 2008}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=205918 |title=Congrats to PG on getting hitched |accessdate=14 November 2008 |date=2 June 2008 |publisher=news.ycombinator.com}}
18. ^{{cite web | url = http://ycombinator.com/ycca.html | title = California Year-Round | publisher = Y Combinator | first = Paul | last = Graham | date = January 2009 | quote = Jessica Livingston and I (who are married despite our different last names) are expecting our first child any day now. | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313150959/http://ycombinator.com/ycca.html | archivedate = 13 March 2012 | df = dmy-all }}
19. ^{{cite news | last = Tsotsis | first = Alexia | title = Paul Graham: SOPA Supporting Companies No Longer Allowed At YC Demo Day | url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/22/paul-graham-sopa-supporting-companies-no-longer-allowed-at-yc-demo-day/ | newspaper = TechCrunch | date = 22 December 2011 | accessdate = 23 December 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.paulgraham.com/disagree.html | title = How to Disagree | publisher = PaulGraham.com | first = Paul | last = Graham | date = March 2008 | accessdate = 2 May 2011}}
21. ^{{cite web| author = Paul Graham| year = 2001| url = http://www.paulgraham.com/avg.html| title = Beating the Averages| accessdate = 28 April 2007}}; published in Hackers & Painters, 2004; the essay was also reprinted in The Planning and Scheduling Working Group Report on Programming Languages {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616195448/http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/people/douglass/Douglass/Agents/Lisp/psflang-report.pdf |date=16 June 2011 }}, by JM Adams, R Hawkins, C Myers, C Sontag, S Speck
22. ^¹²"...These studies would like to formally prove that a certain language is more or less expressive than another language. Determining such a relation between languages objectively rather than subjectively seems to be somewhat problematic, a phenomenon that Paul Graham has discussed in “The Blub Paradox” [6]." "An Introduction to Aspect Oriented Programming in e", D. Robinson; see also "Expressive power of recursion and aggregates in XQuery", by J Hidders, J Paredaens, R Vercammen, S Marrara
23. ^See "The Perils of JavaSchools", in his book More Joel on Software.

Biography

Early life