| 词条 | Bernabé Aráoz |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = |name = Bernabé Aráoz |honorific-suffix = |image = Portrait of Bernabe Araoz.jpg |imagesize = |smallimage = |alt = |caption = Portrait by Honorio Mossi (1861–1943) |office1 = Governor of Tucumán Province |term_start1 = 14 November 1814 |term_end1 = 6 October 1817 |predecessor1 = none |successor1 = Feliciano de la Mota Botello |office2 = Governor of Tucumán Province |term_start2 = November 1819 |term_end2 = February 1820 |predecessor2 = Feliciano de la Mota Botello |successor2 = self |office3 = President of the Republic of Tucumán |term_start3 = February 1820 |term_end3 = 28 November 1821 |predecessor3 = self |successor3 = Abraham González |office5 = Governor of Tucumán Province |term_start5 = October 1822 |term_end5 = August 1823 |predecessor5 = |successor5 = Diego Aráoz |birth_date = 1776 |birth_place = Monteros |death_date = {{Death-date and age|24 March 1824|1776}} |death_place = Trancas |nationality = Argentine |party = Federal |known_for = Governor of Tucumán Province |occupation = Soldier }} Bernabé Aráoz (1776 – 24 March 1824) was a governor of Tucumán Province in what is now Argentina during the early nineteenth century, and President of the short-lived Republic of Tucumán. Aráoz came from a wealthy and influential family in the northern province of Tucumán in the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, and was a leader of the local militia. In 1810 he supported the May Revolution in which the leaders in Buenos Aires declared independence from the Napoleonic regime in Spain. He played a decisive role in the crucial Battle of Tucumán fought in 1812 against the royalists, and was made governor of his province. The political situation became confused by a violent dispute between the Unitarian and Federalist parties. The Unitarians wanted a centralized form of government while the Federalists, with whom Aráoz sided, wanted greater local autonomy. The conflict degenerated into chaotic factional fighting at the same time as the struggle for independence. During a period when the central government had broken down, Aráoz declared that his province was a republic with himself as President. The next year he was deposed, but later came back as governor for another term. He was deposed again, forced into exile, arrested, brought back and executed without trial by a firing squad. BackgroundBernabé Aráoz was born in Monteros,{{efn|The Plaza Bernabé Aráoz in Monteros is named after the town's famous son.{{sfn|Santiago Ottonello|2004|p=67}}}} Tucumán Province, in 1776.{{sfn|Santiago Ottonello|2004|p=48}} His family was one of the most influential and wealthy in San Miguel de Tucumán.{{sfn|Bernabé Aráoz en un retrato}} He was one of six children of Juan Antonio Aráoz de La Madrid and Josefa de Córdoba Gutiérrez.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} Bernabé Aráoz was closely related to the statesman and priest Pedro Miguel Aráoz, who represented Tucumán at the 1816 Congress of Tucumán in which the delegates declared the independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (today called Argentina). Pedro Miguel Aráoz later helped Bernabé Araoz in forming the Republic of Tucumán.{{sfn|Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz}} General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid was his first cousin.{{sfn|Cornet|2011|p=204}} In 1803 Aráoz was leader of the new "Disciplined Cavalry Militia Regiment of Tucumán Volunteers". In 1805 he married Teresa Velarde. They would have seven children. He supported the May Revolution in Buenos Aires in 1810 without hesitation.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} In this movement the local leaders rejected the authority of the Spanish government after Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king. At first, the leaders professed loyalty to the deposed king Ferdinand VII of Spain of Spain. Later the movement would evolve into a fight for outright independence.{{sfn|López|1910|pp=30ff}} In 1810 Aráoz was elected Mayor of the Cabildo on the second vote.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} Aráoz raised regular militiamen on behalf of the junta, making an important contribution to the roughly 3,000 soldiers stationed in the northern center of Tucumán.{{sfn|Terán|Serrano Ortega|2002|p=356}} In August 1812 General Manuel Belgrano had been ordered to retreat from the Spanish to a strong position at Córdoba, abandoning places such as Tucumán that lay further to the north.{{sfn|O'Connor d'Arlach|2009|p=114ff}} He sent Juan Ramón Balcarce to Tucumán with a request for money and 1,000 men. The people of Tucumán sent a delegation to Balcarce including Bernabé Aráoz, Rudecindo Alvarado and Pedro Miguel Aráoz that offered the money and 2,000 men if Belgrano would defend the town.{{sfn|Belgrano|1944b|p=179}} Belgrano accepted, and this led to the Battle of Tucumán (24–25 September 1812) in which Belgrano defeated the Spanish forces.{{sfn|O'Connor d'Arlach|2009|p=114ff}} Bernabé Aráoz fought in this battle on the right wing as a subordinate to Balcarce.{{sfn|Carranza|Rosa|Biedma|Pillado|1895|p=183}} The support that Aráoz gave with his militia was decisive.{{sfn|Hamilton|2011|p=100}} Governor of Tucumán ProvinceOn 4 April 1814, Bernabé Aráoz was made governor of the Province of Salta del Tucumán.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} On 8 October 1814 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, the Supreme Director, divided the province into Salta Province and Tucumán Province. Tucumán Province included the former municipality of the same name and the adjoining municipalities of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero. Aráoz was designated governor of Tucumán Province.{{sfn|Perazzo|2006|p=125}} On 4 September 1815, separatists in Santiago del Estero led by Francisco Borges launched a first bid for independence, but Aráoz suppressed the movement.{{sfn|Cisneros|Escudé|2000}} After its disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sipe-Sipe (29 November 1815) the central government could provide little support to the northern provinces of Salta and Tucumán, which largely had to look after their own defense.{{sfn|Serrano|1996}} In 1816 Ferdinand VII was declared "absolute King" of Spain. Aráoz hosted the Congress of Tucumán, in which delegates from all the provinces met, and on 9 July 1816 declared full independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata from Spain. Many of the delegates were sympathetic to the monarchy, but in the end support for a republic prevailed. The struggle between those wanting strong central control and those favoring a looser federation would continue for many years.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=464ff}} Araoz arranged accommodations and meeting places for the deputies. He even provided the table on which the declaration was signed, and this later was held as a prize possession by his family.{{sfn|Sala|2011}} On 10 December 1816 Francisco Borges launched a second separatist movement in Santiago del Estero. General Belgrano suppressed the uprising and Borges was shot on 1 January 1817.{{sfn|Cisneros|Escudé|2000}} Aráoz fell out with Belgrano, and in September 1817 he was replaced by Feliciano de la Mota Botello, from Catamarca. For the next two years Aráoz stayed out of politics.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} In November 1819 Feliciano de la Mota was deposed by Abraham González while General Belgrano was staying in Tucumán. Belgrano was also arrested, and was held until Bernabé Aráoz took control of the government of Tucumán three days later.{{sfn|Belgrano|1944|pp=341–360}} President of the Republic of TucumánAfter the Battle of Cepeda on 1 February 1820 the central government was dissolved. Aráoz declared the Republic of Tucumán, made up of Tucumán, Catamarca and Santiago del Estero.{{sfn|Cisneros|Escudé|2000}} In March 1820 he received an urgent request for assistance from General José de San Martín, commander of the armies fighting the Spanish. He replied that he was sending 500 men, well-supplied with arms and ammunition.{{sfn|Galasso|2000|p=322}} A Congress of leading men was assembled, and on 6 September 1820 the Congress sanctioned the Republic's constitution. A First Court of Justice was established. Aráoz was named Supreme President.{{sfn|Historia del Poder Legislativo}} The constitution set up a unicameral legislature and an executive branch headed by the President. It was influenced by the national constitution of 1819 and was unitarian and centralized in nature.{{sfn|Hernández|2011|p=21}} The provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero both quickly moved towards separation.{{sfn|Hernández|2011|p=21}} Aráoz sent Juan Bautista Paz to Santiago del Estero to arrange for election of deputies, with a military force led by Juan Francisco Echauri. One of Echauri's first actions was to change the members of the municipality to one in favor of Tucumán. Next he tried to control the election of deputies for the Congress that would meet on 20 March 1820 in Tucumán. The people of Santiago del Estero rebelled, supported by armed forces led by Juan Felipe Ibarra, who defeated Echauri in an engagement on 31 March 1820 and forced him to retreat to Tucumán. Ibarra was appointed the first governor of the province of Santiago del Estero, and on 27 April 1820 issued a manifesto that declared the province's autonomy.{{sfn|Cisneros|Escudé|2000}} Political turmoilThere was growing animosity between Bernabé Aráoz and the governor of Salta Province, Martín Miguel de Güemes.{{sfn|Galasso|2000|p=343}} Güemes took the side of Santiago del Estero, invaded the Republic of Tucumán and captured Catamarca, ousting Bernabé Aráoz's relative, Lieutenant Governor Juan José de la Madrid, in March 1821.{{sfn|Olmos|1957|p=130}} However, Güemes suffered a series of defeats and then was forced to return to Salta Province since the royalists had taken the opportunity to invade Jujuy.{{sfn|Mato|2012|pp=75–76}} Aráoz invaded Salta, defeated Güemes on 3 April 1821 and temporarily deposed him, although Güemes quickly regained power.{{sfn|Pigna|2012}} Soon after returning to the town of Salta, Güemes was assassinated, dying on 17 June 1821.{{sfn|Mato|2012|pp=75–76}} After his death, an aristocratic group with strong ties to Buenos Aires took power.{{sfn|Fernández|Rondina|2004|p=110}} Eventually peace was settled between Tucumán and Santiago del Estero with a treaty of 5 June 1821.{{sfn|Cisneros|Escudé|2000}} On 28 November 1821 Aráoz was ousted from office by General Abraham González, who had helped him assume power in November 1819. The government of the province of Tucumán descended into chaos for the next year with endless coups and counter-coups. Colonel Diego Aráoz, a distant relative of Bernabé Aráoz, General Javier López and Bernabé Aráoz engaged in a three-way struggle for power. Bernabé Aráoz briefly held office twice during this period. In October 1822 he became governor yet again, this time holding office for almost a year, and managed to stabilize the situation. He was forced from office by Diego Aráoz in August 1823 and took refuge in Salta. In February 1824 the head of the provincial forces, Javier López, was appointed governor. The government of Salta withdrew asylum from Aráoz and escorted him to the Tucumán border.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} DeathAráoz was arrested by Tucumán forces on 7 March 1824 at the border in Trancas, held there and executed on 24 March 1824. The colonel who ordered the execution said he had been trying to subvert the men.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} It is said that his final act before facing the firing squad was to smoke a cigarette. Knocking away the last ashes, he said philosophically "Human existence is like these ashes." He then calmly faced his death.{{sfn|Bernabé Aráoz : Un tucumano visionario}} His remains lie in the Trancas church to the right of the altar.{{sfn|Leitner|2001|p=776}} His portrait by the Italian artist Honorio Mossi hangs in the Museo Casa Histórica de la Independencia in San Miguel de Tucumán.{{sfn|Bernabé Aráoz en un retrato}} After the Battle of Tucumán, General José de San Martín wrote of him that he doubted that there were ten men in the Americas who united so many virtues.{{sfn|Hamilton|2011|p=100}} Belgrano said he could not find high enough praise for men of Aráoz's command. General José María Paz knew Aráoz well. He said he did not know of anyone seeing him angry; he was always cool and unflappable. His manner and way of speaking was more suitable to a monk than a soldier. He made many promises, but was always careful to keep his word. He wanted only to rule, and if he deserves the name caudillo,{{efn|caudillo may be translated "leader" or "military strongman"}} it was as a mild caudillo with no inclination to cruelty.{{sfn|Páez de la Torre|2012}} ReferencesNotes{{notes}}CitationsSources{{refbegin}}
|last= Belgrano|first= Mario|authorlink= Mario Belgrano|year= 1944|publisher= National Academy of History of Argentina |location= Buenos Aires|language= Spanish}}
|last=Belgrano|first=Mario|title=Historia de Belgrano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D00AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2012-10-30 |year=1944b|publisher=Espasa-Calpe argentina, s.a.}}
|title=Bernabé Aráoz en un retrato |work=La Gaceta |date=24 September 2010 |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
|title=Bernabé Aráoz : Un tucumano visionario |work=Taringa! |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
|last1=Carranza|first1=Adolfo P.|last2=Rosa|first2=Alejandro|last3=Biedma|first3=José Juan|first4=José Antonio |last4=Pillado|first5=Carlos Vega|last5=Belgrano|first6=Rodolfo W.|last6=Carranza |title=Revista nacional|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhAXAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2012-10-30|year=1895|publisher=J. Canter}}
|last1=Cisneros|first1=Andrés |last2=Escudé |first2=Carlos |year=2000 |title=La posición de Santiago del Estero |work=Historia General de las Relacines de la Republica Argentina |accessdate=2012-10-26}}
|last=Cornet|first=Fernand M.|title=Cosas de familia. Historia genealógica de los Cornet del Tucumán |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja57rxqIY5AC&pg=PA204|accessdate=2012-10-30 |year=2011|publisher=Editrice UNI Service|isbn=978-88-6178-767-4}}
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|title=Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz (1759–1832) |work=Todo Argentina |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
|last1=Fernández|first1=Jorge|last2=Rondina|first2=Julio César|title=Historia Argentina: 1810–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SL1DZ-b2Q_IC&pg=PA110|accessdate=2012-10-30 |date=2004-01-01|publisher=Universidad Nac. del Litoral|isbn=978-987-508-331-8}}
|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|title=Seamos Libres y lo Demás No Importa Nada: Vida de San Martín |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqllXxP6_-oC&pg=PA322|accessdate=2012-10-29 |date=2000-01-01|publisher=Ediciones Colihue SRL|isbn=978-950-581-779-5|page=322}}
|last=Hamilton|first=Jose Garcia|title=DON JOSE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmJR2E-jGqQC&pg=PT100|accessdate=2012-10-29 |date=2011-04-01|publisher=SUDAMERICANA|isbn=978-987-566-687-0|page=100}}
|last=Hernández|first=Antonio María|title=Sub-National Constitutional Law in Argentina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtzHuISq4fgC&pg=PA21|accessdate=2012-10-26 |year=2011|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-411-3619-0}}
|title=Historia del Poder Legislativo |publisher=Honorable Legislatura de Tucumán |accessdate=2012-10-26}}
|last=Leitner|first=Gerry|title=Argentina Travel Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDZButuSimIC&pg=PT776|accessdate=2012-10-26 |date=2001-01-01|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-0-9587498-1-7}}
|last=López|first=Vicente F.|authorlink=Vicente Fidel López|title=La gran semana de 1810: Crónica de la Revolución de Mayo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70eQMQEACAAJ|accessdate=2012-10-30 |year=1910|publisher=Talls de la Casa Jacobo Peuser}}
|last=Mato|first=Omar R. Lopez|title=PATRIA ENFERMA, LA (EBOOK) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BKZ3ozHihoC&pg=PT75|accessdate=2012-10-30 |date=2012-02-01|publisher=SUDAMERICANA|isbn=978-950-07-3761-6}}
|last=O'Connor d'Arlach|first=Eduardo Trigo |title=Tarija en la Independencia del Virreinato del Río de La Plata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex7mCB3gBdQC&pg=PA114|accessdate=2012-10-30 |year=2009|publisher=Plural editores|isbn=978-99954-1-224-1|page=114}}
|last=Olmos|first=Ramón Rosa|title=Historia de Catamarca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2012-10-30 |year=1957|publisher=Editorial "La Unión,"}}
|last=Páez de la Torre |first=Carlos |title=La azarosa época de Bernabé Aráoz |work=La Gaceta |date=September 9, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
|last=Perazzo|first=Alberto Ruben|title=Nuestras banderas: vexilología argentina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZcAciNAfQwC&pg=PA125|accessdate=28 October 2012 |year=2006|publisher=Editorial Dunken|isbn=978-987-02-1809-8}}
|last=Sala|first=Rodolfo |title=Mi tío Bernabé Aráoz y el 9 de julio de 1816 |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
|last=Santiago Ottonello|first=Tulio |title=Nueva Historia de Monteros(Desde Su Origen Hasta 1900) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVTjAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2012-10-30 |date=2004-01-01|publisher=Ediciones del Rectorado, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán|isbn=978-950-554-394-6}}
|last=Serrano |first=Mario Arturo |year=1996 |title=Tercera Expedición al Alto Perú}}
|last1=Terán|first1=Marta|last2=Serrano Ortega|first2=José Antonio |title=Las Guerras de Independencia en la América Española |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6tnhpDe0g0C&pg=PA356|accessdate=2012-10-29 |year=2002|publisher=El Colegio de Michoacán A.C.|isbn=978-970-679-069-9}}{{refend}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Araoz, Bernabe}} 7 : 1776 births|1824 deaths|Governors of Tucumán Province|Federales (Argentina)|Executed Argentine people|People executed by Argentina by firing squad|Argentine generals |
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