“Pauline Kael”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

She left a lasting impression on many other prominent film critics. Roger Ebert argued in an obituary that Kael "had a more positive influence on the climate for film in America than any other single person over the last three decades." The critic, he said, "had no theory, no rules, no guidelines, no objective standards. You couldn't apply her 'approach' to a film. With her it was all personal." ^[4] Owen Gleiberman said she "was more than a great critic. She reinvented the form, and pioneered an entire aesthetic of writing."

Early life and education

Kael was born on a chicken farm in Petaluma, California, to Isaac Paul Kael and Judith Kael ({{Nee}} Friedman), Jewish emigrants from Poland. Her parents lost their farm when Kael was eight, and the family moved to San Francisco.^[2] In 1936 she matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studied philosophy, literature, and art, but dropped out in 1940. Kael had intended to go on to law school, but fell in with a group of artists^[5] and moved to New York City with the poet Robert Horan.

Three years later, Kael returned to San Francisco and "led a bohemian life," writing plays, and working in experimental film.^[2] In 1948, Kael and the filmmaker James Broughton had a daughter, Gina, whom Kael would raise alone.^[6] Gina had a serious illness through much of her childhood;^[7] and, to support her daughter and herself, Kael worked a series of such menial jobs as cook and seamstress, along with stints as an advertising copywriter.^[8]

Career

In 1953, the editor of City Lights magazine overheard Kael arguing about films in a coffeeshop with a friend and asked her to review Charlie Chaplin's Limelight.^[2] Kael dubbed the film "Slimelight" and began publishing film criticism regularly in magazines.

Kael later explained her writing style: "I worked to loosen my style—to get away from the term-paper pomposity that we learn at college. I wanted the sentences to breathe, to have the sound of a human voice."^[9] Kael disparaged the supposed critic's ideal of objectivity, referring to it as "saphead objectivity,"^[10] and incorporated aspects of autobiography into her criticism.^[8] In a review of Vittorio De Sica's 1946 neorealist film Shoeshine that has been ranked among her most memorable,^[11] Kael described seeing the film

Kael broadcast many of her early reviews on the alternative public radio station KPFA, in Berkeley, and gained further local profile as the Berkeley Cinema Guild manager from 1955 to 1960. Kael programmed the films at the two-screen theater, "unapologetically repeat[ing] her favorites until they also became audience favorites."^[12] She also wrote "pungent" capsule reviews of the films, which her patrons began collecting.^[13]

Going mass-market

Kael continued to juggle writing with other work until she received an offer to publish a book of her criticism. Published in 1965 as I Lost It at the Movies, the collection sold 150,000 paperback copies and was a surprise bestseller. Coinciding with a job at the high-circulation women's magazine McCall's, Kael (as Newsweek put it in a 1966 profile) "went mass".^[14]

That same year, she wrote a blistering review of the phenomenally popular The Sound of Music in McCall's. After mentioning that some of the press had dubbed it "The Sound of Money," Kael called the film's message a "sugarcoated lie that people seem to want to eat."^[15] Although according to legend^[8] this review led to her being fired from McCall's (and The New York Times printed as much in Kael's obituary), both Kael and the magazine's editor, Robert Stein, denied this. According to Stein, he fired her "months later, after she kept panning every commercial movie from Lawrence of Arabia and Dr. Zhivago to The Pawnbroker and A Hard Day's Night."^[16]

Her dismissal from McCall's led to a stint from 1966 to 1967 at The New Republic, whose editors continually altered Kael's writing without her permission. In October 1967, Kael wrote a lengthy essay on Bonnie and Clyde, which the magazine declined to publish.^[17] William Shawn of The New Yorker obtained the piece and ran it in the New Yorker issue of October 21.^[18]^[19] Kael's rave review was at odds with prevailing opinion, which was that the film was controversial.^[20] According to critic David Thomson, "she was right about a film that had bewildered many other critics".^[13] A few months after the essay ran, Kael quit The New Republic "in despair."^[21] In 1968, Kael was asked by Shawn to join The New Yorker staff; she alternated as film critic every six months with Penelope Gilliatt until 1979, and became sole critic in 1980 after a year's leave of absence working in the film industry.^[2]

New Yorker tenure

Initially, many considered her colloquial, brash writing style an odd fit with the sophisticated and genteel New Yorker. Kael remembered "getting a letter from an eminent New Yorker writer suggesting that I was trampling through the pages of the magazine with cowboy boots covered with dung".^[22] During her tenure at the New Yorker, however, she was able to take advantage of a forum that permitted her to write at length—and with minimal editorial interference—thereby achieving her greatest prominence. By 1968, Time magazine was referring to her as "one of the country's top movie critics".^[23]

In 1970, Kael received a George Polk Award for her work as a critic at the New Yorker. She continued to publish collections of her writing, many with (deliberately) suggestive titles such as Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, When the Lights Go Down, and Taking It All In. Her fourth collection, Deeper into Movies (1973), won the U.S. National Book Award in the Arts and Letters category.^[24] It was the first non-fiction book about films to win a National Book Award.

Kael also wrote philosophical essays on movie-going, the modern Hollywood film industry, and what she perceived as the lack of courage on the part of audiences to explore lesser-known, more challenging movies (she rarely used the word "film" to describe films because she felt the word was too elitist). Among her more popular essays were a damning 1973 review of Norman Mailer's semi-fictional Marilyn: a Biography (an account of Marilyn Monroe's life);^[25] an incisive 1975 look at Cary Grant's career;^[26] and "Raising Kane" (1971), a book-length essay on the authorship of the film Citizen Kane that was the longest piece of sustained writing she had yet done.^[35]

Commissioned as an introduction to the shooting script in The Citizen Kane Book, "Raising Kane" was first printed in two consecutive issues of The New Yorker.^[27]^[28] The essay extended Kael's dispute of the auteur theory,^[10] arguing that Herman J. Mankiewicz, co-author of the screenplay, was virtually the sole author of the script and the film's actual guiding force.^[29] Kael further alleged that Orson Welles had actively schemed to deprive Mankiewicz of screen credit.^[30]{{Rp|494}} Welles considered suing Kael for libel.^[10] He was defended by critics, scholars and friends including Peter Bogdanovich, who rebutted Kael's claims in a 1972 article^[31] that included the revelation that Kael had appropriated the extensive research of a UCLA faculty member and did not credit him.^[29]{{Rp|157–161}}^[32]^[33]

Kael battled the editors of the New Yorker as much as her own critics.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} She fought with William Shawn to review the 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat, though she eventually relented.^[35] According to Kael, after reading her negative review of Terrence Malick's 1973 film Badlands, Shawn said, "I guess you didn't know that Terry is like a son to me." Kael responded, "Tough shit, Bill," and her review was printed unchanged.^[36] Other than sporadic confrontations with Shawn, Kael said she spent most of her work time at home, writing.^[37]

Upon the release of Kael's 1980 collection When the Lights Go Down, her New Yorker colleague Renata Adler published an 8,000-word review in The New York Review of Books that dismissed the book as "jarringly, piece by piece, line by line, and without interruption, worthless."^[38] Adler argued that Kael's post-1960s work contained "nothing certainly of intelligence or sensibility," and faulted her "quirks [and] mannerisms," including Kael's repeated use of the "bullying" imperative and rhetorical question. The piece, which stunned Kael{{citation needed|reason=A few lines below, it says: 'Kael refused to respond.' So how do we know she was stunned?|date=June 2016}} and quickly became infamous in literary circles,^[37] was described by Time magazine as "the New York literary Mafia['s] bloodiest case of assault and battery in years."^[39] Although Kael refused to respond, Adler's review became known as "the most sensational attempt on Kael's reputation";^[40] two decades later, Salon.com (ironically) referred to Adler's "worthless" denunciation of Kael as her "most famous single sentence."^[41]

In 1979, Kael accepted an offer from Warren Beatty to be a consultant to Paramount Pictures, but left the position after only a few months to return to writing criticism.

Later years

In the early 1980s, Kael was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which has a cognitive component. As her illness worsened, she became increasingly depressed about the state of American films, along with feeling that "I had nothing new to say".^[36] In a March 11, 1991, announcement which The New York Times referred to as "earth-shattering," Kael announced her retirement from reviewing films regularly.^[42] At the time, Kael explained that she would still write essays for The New Yorker, along with "some reflections and other pieces of writing about movies".^[42] Over the next ten years, however, she published no new work save for an introduction to her 1994 compendium, For Keeps. In the introduction (which was reprinted in The New Yorker), Kael stated, in reference to her film criticism, "I'm frequently asked why I don't write my memoirs. I think I have".^[43]

Though she published no new writing of her own, Kael was not averse to giving interviews, occasionally giving her opinion on new films and television shows. In a 1998 interview with Modern Maturity, she said she sometimes regretted not being able to review: "A few years ago when I saw Vanya on 42nd Street, I wanted to blow trumpets. Your trumpets are gone once you've quit".^[36] She died, in 2001, at her home in Great Barrington, Massachusetts from Parkinson's, aged 82.^[44]

Opinions

Kael's opinions often ran contrary to the consensus of her fellow critics. Occasionally, she championed films that were considered critical failures, such as The Warriors and Last Tango in Paris.^[45] She was not especially cruel to some films that had been deplored by many critics—such as the 1972 Man of La Mancha, in which she praised Sophia Loren's performance. She also condemned films that had elsewhere attracted admiration, such as It's a Wonderful Life, Shoah, and 2001: A Space Odyssey, the last of which Kael dubbed a "monumentally unimaginative movie." The originality of her opinions, as well as the forceful way in which she expressed them, won her ardent supporters as well as angry critics.

Kael's reviews included a panning of West Side Story (1961) that drew harsh replies from the film's supporters; ecstatic reviews of Z and MASH that resulted in enormous boosts to those films' popularity; and enthusiastic appraisals of Brian De Palma's early films. Her 'preview' of Robert Altman's film Nashville (1975) appeared in print several months before the film was actually completed, in an attempt to prevent the studio from recutting the film and to catapult it to box-office success.

Kael was an opponent of the auteur theory, criticizing it both in her reviews and in interviews. She preferred to analyze films without thinking about the director's other works. Andrew Sarris, a key proponent of the theory, debated it with Kael in the pages of The New Yorker and various film magazines.^[46]^[47] Kael argued that a film should be considered a collaborative effort. In "Raising Kane" (1971), an essay she wrote on Orson Welles' Citizen Kane, she points out how the film made extensive use of the distinctive talents of co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz and cinematographer Gregg Toland.^[48]

Views on violence

Kael had a taste for antihero films that violated taboos involving sex and violence; this reportedly alienated some of her readers. However, she panned Midnight Cowboy (1969), the X-rated antihero film that won an Oscar for Best Picture. She also had a strong dislike for films that she felt were manipulative or appealed in superficial ways to conventional attitudes and feelings. She was particularly critical towards Clint Eastwood: her reviews of his films and acting, even if generally well-favored, were resoundingly negative. She became known as his nemesis.^[49]

She was an enthusiastic, if occasionally ambivalent, supporter of Sam Peckinpah and early Walter Hill, both of whom specialized in violent action dramas. Her collection 5001 Nights at the Movies includes positive reviews of nearly all of Peckinpah's films, with the exception of The Getaway (1972), as well as Hill's Hard Times (1975), The Warriors (1979), and Southern Comfort (1981). Despite her initial dismissal of John Boorman's Point Blank (1967) for what she felt was its pointless brutality, she later acknowledged it was "intermittently dazzling" with "more energy and invention than Boorman seems to know what to do with ... one comes out exhilarated but bewildered".^[50]

However, Kael responded negatively to some action films that she felt pushed what she described as "right wing" or "fascist" agendas. She labeled Don Siegel's Dirty Harry (1971), starring Clint Eastwood, as a "right-wing fantasy [that is] a remarkably single-minded attack on liberal values."^[50] She also called it "fascist medievalism."^[51] In an otherwise extremely positive critique of Peckinpah's Straw Dogs, Kael concluded that the controversial director had made "the first American film that is a fascist work of art".^[51]

In her negative review of Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange (1971),^[52]^[53] Kael explained how she felt some directors who used brutal imagery in their films were desensitizing audiences to violence:

Accusations of homophobia

In his preface to a 1983 interview with Kael for the gay magazine Mandate, Sam Staggs wrote that "she has always carried on a love/hate affair with her gay legions. ... like the bitchiest queen in gay mythology, she has a sharp remark about everything".^[54] In the early 1980s, however, and largely in response to her review of the 1981 drama Rich and Famous, Kael faced notable accusations of homophobia. First remarked upon by Stuart Byron in The Village Voice, according to gay writer Craig Seligman the accusations eventually "took on a life of their own and did real damage to her reputation".^[55]

In her review, Kael called the straight-themed Rich and Famous "more like a homosexual fantasy," saying that one female character's affairs "are creepy, because they don't seem like what a woman would get into".^[56] Byron, who "hit the ceiling" after reading the review, was joined by The Celluloid Closet author Vito Russo, who argued that Kael equated promiscuity with homosexuality, "as though straight women have never been promiscuous or been given the permission to be promiscuous."^[56]

In response to her review of Rich and Famous, several critics reappraised Kael's earlier reviews of gay-themed films, including a wisecrack Kael made about the gay-themed The Children's Hour: "I always thought this was why lesbians needed sympathy—that there isn't much they can do."^[57] Similarly, her criticism of the 1961 British film Victim was that the film sought to treat gay people "with sympathy and respect—like Negroes and Jews." Craig Seligman has defended Kael, saying that these remarks showed "enough ease with the topic to be able to crack jokes—in a dark period when other reviewers. ... 'felt that if homosexuality were not a crime it would spread.'"^[58] Kael herself rejected the accusations as "craziness," adding, "I don't see how anybody who took the trouble to check out what I've actually written about movies with homosexual elements in them could believe that stuff."^[59] Kael had also parented a child whose father was gay.

Nixon quote

In December 1972, a month after U.S. President Richard Nixon was reelected in a landslide victory, Kael gave a lecture at the Modern Language Association, during which she said, "I live in a rather special world. I only know one person who voted for Nixon. Where they are I don't know. They're outside my ken. But sometimes when I'm in a theater I can feel them." An article on the lecture in The New York Times included this quote.^[60]^[61]

The quote quickly turned into an urban legend that Kael had instead stated something like "I can't believe Nixon won. I don't know anyone who voted for him."^[62] This misquote, which added an element of surprise on Kael's part, was over the next 40 years regularly cited by conservatives (such as Bernard Goldberg, in his 2001 book Bias) as an example of insularity among the liberal elite.^[63]^[64] The "I can't believe Nixon won" quote also was sometimes attributed to other liberal female writers, including Katharine Graham, Susan Sontag, and Joan Didion,^[65] and was sometimes said to have instead been stated after Ronald Reagan's reelection in 1984.^[66]

Influence

Almost as soon as she began writing for The New Yorker, Kael carried a great deal of influence among fellow critics. In the early seventies, Cinerama distributors "initiate[d] a policy of individual screenings for each critic because her remarks [during the film] were affecting her fellow critics".^[67] In the seventies and eighties, Kael cultivated friendships with a group of young, mostly male critics, some of whom emulated her distinctive writing style. Referred to derisively as the "Paulettes," they came to dominate national film criticism in the 1990s. Critics who have acknowledged Kael's influence include, among many others, A. O. Scott of The New York Times,^[68] David Denby and Anthony Lane of The New Yorker,^[69]^[70] David Edelstein of New York Magazine,^[71] Greil Marcus,^[71] Elvis Mitchell,^[72] Michael Sragow,^[71] Armond White, and Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com.^[73] It was repeatedly alleged that, after her retirement, Kael's "most ardent devotees deliberate[d] with each other [to] forge a common School of Pauline position" before their reviews were written.^[74] When confronted with the rumor that she ran "a conspiratorial network of young critics," Kael said she believed that critics imitated her style rather than her actual opinions, stating, "A number of critics take phrases and attitudes from me, and those takings stick out—they're not integral to the writer's temperament or approach".^[75]

Asked in 1998 if she thought her criticism had affected the way films were made, Kael deflected the question, stating, "If I say yes, I'm an egotist, and if I say no, I've wasted my life".^[36] Several directors' careers were profoundly affected by her, most notably that of Taxi Driver screenwriter Paul Schrader, who was accepted at UCLA Film School's graduate program upon Kael's recommendation. Under her mentoring, Schrader worked as a film critic before taking up screenwriting and directing full-time. Derek Malcolm, who worked for several decades as a film critic for The Guardian, claimed that, "If a director was praised by Kael, he or she was generally allowed to work, since the money-men knew there would be similar approbation across a wide field of publications".^[10] Alternately, Kael was said to have had the power to prevent filmmakers from working; David Lean claimed that her criticism of his work "kept him from making a movie for 14 years"^[76] (referring to the 14-year break between Ryan's Daughter in 1970 and A Passage to India in 1984).

In 1978, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.^[77] In his 1988 film Willow, George Lucas named one of the villains "General Kael" after the critic. Kael had often reviewed Lucas' work without enthusiasm; in her own (negative) review of Willow, she described the character as an "hommage à moi".{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Though he began directing films after she retired, Quentin Tarantino was also influenced by Kael. He read her criticism voraciously growing up and said that Kael was "as influential as any director was in helping me develop my aesthetic".^[43] Wes Anderson recounted his efforts to screen his film Rushmore for Kael in a 1999 The New York Times article titled "My Private Screening With Pauline Kael".^[78] He later wrote Kael that "your thoughts and writing about the movies [have] been a very important source of inspiration for me and my movies, and I hope you don't regret that".^[79]

In January 2000, filmmaker Michael Moore posted a recollection of Kael's response^[80] to his 1989 documentary film, Roger & Me. Moore wrote that Kael was incensed that she had to watch Roger & Me in a cinema (after Moore refused to send her a tape of the film for her to watch at home), and she resented Roger & Me winning Best Documentary at the 55th New York Film Critics Circle Awards. Moore claimed that

Awards

Selected works

Books

Notable reviews and essays

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368823/Pauline-Kael|title=Pauline Kael|accessdate=September 1, 2006|first=|last=|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621171944/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368823/Pauline-Kael#|archive-date=June 21, 2006|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news |last=Van Gelder |first=Lawrence |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E2D61639F937A3575AC0A9679C8B63 |title=Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82 |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 4, 2001 |accessdate=March 25, 2008 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/09/17/010917on_onlineonly01|title=Remembering Pauline Kael|accessdate=September 1, 2006|first=|last=|publisher=New Yorker}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/knocked-up-at-the-movies|title=Knocked up at the movies|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=October 22, 2011|accessdate=March 2, 2017}}
5. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,546921,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Pauline Kael | date=September 5, 2001 | accessdate=May 22, 2010 | first=Penelope | last=Houston}}
6. ^Seligman (2004). p. 11.
7. ^Brantley (1996). p. 10.
8. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Ken |url= http://www.salon.com/bc/1999/02/09bc.html |title=A gift for effrontery |publisher=Salon.com |date=February 9, 1999 |accessdate=April 18, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206112952/http://www.salon.com/bc/1999/02/09bc.html |archivedate=February 6, 2007}}
9. ^Brantley (1996). p. 95.
10. ^¹²³{{cite news |last=Houston |first=Penelope |url= https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,546921,00.html |title= Obituary: Pauline Kael |publisher=The Guardian |date=September 5, 2001 |accessdate=April 19, 2007 | location=London}}
11. ^¹Seligman (2004). p. 37.
12. ^{{cite news |last=Hom |first=Lisa|url= http://www.sfweekly.com/2001-11-21/calendar/all-hail-kael/ |title=All Hail Kael: A film series remembers the uncompromising New Yorker critic Pauline Kael |publisher=San Francisco Weekly |date=November 21, 2001 |accessdate=April 18, 2007}}
13. ^¹Thomson, David (2002). "Pauline Kael." The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-375-70940-1}}. p. 449-50.
14. ^Brantley (1996). p. 3-4.
15. ^{{cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |title=Kiss Kiss Bang Bang |year=1968 |publisher=Bantam |location=Toronto |isbn=0-316-48163-7}} p. 214-5.
16. ^{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501E3D81430F930A3575AC0A9669C8B63 |title=THE SOUND OF MUSIC: Kael's Fate|publisher=The New York Times |date=September 3, 2000 |accessdate=April 18, 2007}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=http://flavorwire.com/609140/bonnie-and-clyde-pauline-kael-and-the-essay-that-changed-film-criticism|title='Bonnie and Clyde,' Pauline Kael, and the Essay That Changed Film Criticism|date=August 11, 2017|work=Flavorwire|access-date=November 5, 2017|language=en-US}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/backissues/2010/03/eighty-five-from-the-archive-pauline-kael.html|title=Eighty-Five From the Archive: Pauline Kael|last=Overbey|first=Erin|date=March 17, 2010|website=www.newyorker.com|publisher=The New Yorker|access-date=}}
19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kael|first=Pauline|date=|title=The Frightening Power of "Bonnie and Clyde"|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1967/10/21/bonnie-and-clyde|journal=The New Yorker|volume=|issue=October 21, 1967|pages=147–171|via=}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/bonnie-and-clyde-anniversary-reviews|title=50 Years Later: How Bonnie and Clyde Violently Divided Film Critics|last=Desta|first=Yohana|date=|work=HWD|access-date=November 5, 2017|publisher=Vanity Fair|language=en}}
21. ^Brantley (1996). p. 12
22. ^Seligman (2004). p. 12.
23. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,712147,00.html |title= The Pearls of Pauline |publisher=Time |date=July 12, 1968 |accessdate=April 19, 2007}}
24. ^[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1974 "National Book Awards – 1974"]. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-10. (With acceptance speech by Kael.)
"Arts and Letters" was an award category from 1964 to 1976.
25. ^{{cite news |last=Kael |first=Pauline |date=July 22, 1973|title=Marilyn: A Rip-Off With Genius|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/04/reviews/mailer-marilyn.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 24, 2015 }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1975/07/14/the-man-from-dream-city |title=The Man from Dream City |last=Kael |first=Pauline |date=July 14, 1975 |website=The New Yorker |access-date=August 24, 2015}}
27. ^{{cite journal |last=Kael |first=Pauline |date=February 20, 1971 |title=Raising Kane—I |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1971/02/20/i-raising-kane |journal=The New Yorker |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=August 20, 2015}}
28. ^{{cite journal |last=Kael |first=Pauline |date=February 27, 1971 |title=Raising Kane—II |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1971/02/27/ii-raising-kane |journal=The New Yorker |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=August 20, 2015}}
29. ^¹{{cite book |last=Kellow |first=Brian |title=Pauline Kael: A Life in the Dark |publisher=Viking |location=New York |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-670-02312-7}}
30. ^{{cite book |last1=Welles |first1=Orson |authorlink1=Orson Welles |last2=Bogdanovich |first2=Peter |authorlink2=Peter Bogdanovich |last3=Rosenbaum |first3=Jonathan |authorlink3=Jonathan Rosenbaum |title=This is Orson Welles |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=New York |date=1992 |isbn=0-06-016616-9}}
31. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bogdanovich |first1=Peter |last2=Welles |first2=Orson (uncredited) |date=October 1972 |title=The Kane Mutiny |journal=Esquire |pages=99–105, 180–190}}
32. ^{{cite book |last=Carringer |first=Robert L. |editor-last=Naremore |editor-first=James |title=Orson Welles's Citizen Kane: A Casebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |origyear=first published 1978 |pages=79–121 |chapter=The Scripts of Citizen Kane |isbn=978-0-19-515892-2}}
33. ^{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Frank |authorlink=Frank Rich |title=Roaring at the Screen with Pauline Kael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/books/review/roaring-at-the-screen-with-pauline-kael.html?pagewanted=5 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 27, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2015}}
34. ^This is Orson Welles, Introduction : My Orson, page xxiii-xv, Da Capo Press, 1998 Edition
35. ^Davis (2002). p. 32.
36. ^¹²³{{cite news |last=Goodman |first=Susan |url= http://www.paulrossen.com/paulinekael/modernmaturity.html |title= She Lost It At the Movies |publisher=Modern Maturity |date=March–April 1998 |accessdate=April 19, 2007 |format= reprint}}
37. ^¹Davis (2002). p. 40.
38. ^{{cite news |last=Adler |first=Renata |authorlink= Renata Adler |url= http://www.nybooks.com/articles/7313#fnr3 |title=The Perils of Pauline |publisher=The New York Review of Books |date=August 14, 1980 |accessdate=April 19, 2007}}
39. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920938,00.html |title= Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (Ouch Ouch) |publisher=Time |date=August 4, 1980 |accessdate=April 19, 2007}}
40. ^Seligman (2004). p. 137.
41. ^{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Dennis Loy |url=http://archive.salon.com/books/int/2000/08/21/adler/ |title=Interview with the heretic |publisher=Salon.com |date=August 21, 2000 |accessdate=April 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115160722/http://archive.salon.com/books/int/2000/08/21/adler/# |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
42. ^¹{{cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |authorlink=Janet Maslin |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1D81239F930A25750C0A967958260 |title= For Pauline Kael, Retirement as Critic Won't Be a Fade-Out |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 13, 1991 |accessdate=March 25, 2008 }}
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44. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/movies/pauline-kael-provocative-and-widely-imitated-new-yorker-film-critic-dies-at-82.html|title=Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|date=September 4, 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 5, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=Pauline Kael, who expressed her passion for movies in jaunty, jazzy prose as the longtime film critic for The New Yorker, died yesterday at her home in Great Barrington, Mass. She was 82.}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/paulinekaelreviews/a5.html|title=Pauline Kael|work=geocities.ws}}
46. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/movies/12powe.html?pagewanted=all A Survivor of Film Criticism’s Heroic Age]
47. ^Pauline and Me: Farewell, My Lovely
48. ^Kael, Pauline, "Raising Kane," The New Yorker, February 20, 1971.
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50. ^¹Kael, Pauline. 5001 Nights at the Movies, Henry Holt and Company, 1991. {{ISBN|0-8050-1367-9}}
51. ^¹Kael, Pauline. Deeper into Movies, Warner Books, 1973. {{ISBN|0-7145-0941-8}}
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54. ^Brantley (1996). p. 91.
55. ^Seligman (2004). p. 151.
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71. ^¹²Menand, Louis. "Finding It at the Movies", The New York Review of Books, March 23, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. In his review, Menand writes of Kael's influence on Sragow, Edelstein, and Marcus.
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