1. Early life and education

2. Research and career
     Anthropocene    Global warming    Nuclear winter  

3. Awards and honours

4. Personal life

5. References

• Chemistry
• Physics}}

• Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement {{small|(1989)}}
• Volvo Environment Prize {{small|(1991)}}
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry {{small|(1995)}}
• ForMemRS {{small|(2006)}}^[1] }}

Paul Jozef Crutzen ({{IPA-nl|pʌul ˈjoːzəf ˈkrɵtsə(n)}}; born 3 December 1933) is a Dutch, Nobel Prize-winning, atmospheric chemist.^[1][2][3] He is known for work on climate change research and for popularizing the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new era when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth.

Early life and education

Crutzen's childhood began just a few years before the start of World War II. In September 1940, the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands, Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school. After many delays and school switches all caused by events in the war, Crutzen graduated from elementary school and moved onto "Hogere Burgerschool" (Higher Citizens School) in 1946, where he became fluent in French, English, and German. Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school, from which he graduated in 1951. After this he entered a Middle Technical School where he studied Civil Engineering. However his schooling would be cut short as he had to serve 21 months of compulsory military service in the Netherlands.

Research and career

Crutzen has conducted research primarily in atmospheric chemistry.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]} He is best known for his research on ozone depletion. In 1970^[10] he pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer. In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of, then proposed, supersonic transport (SST) airliners(a few hundred Boeing 2707s), which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer; however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern.^[11]

He lists his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate".^[12] Since 1980, he works at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,^[13] in Mainz, Germany; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego; and at Seoul National University,^[14] South Korea. He was also a long-time adjunct professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and research professor at the department of Meteorology at Stockholm University, Sweden.^[15]

He has co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of Louisiana's creationism law, the Louisiana Science Education Act.^[16] In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.^[17]

Anthropocene

One of Crutzen's research interests is the Anthropocene.^[18][19] In 2000, in IGBP Newsletter 41, Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer, to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology, proposed using the term anthropocene for the current geological epoch. In regard to its start, they said:

To assign a more specific date to the onset of the "anthropocene" seems somewhat arbitrary, but we propose the latter part of the 18th century, although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made (some may even want to include the entire holocene). However, we choose this date because, during the past two centuries, the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable. This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several "greenhouse gases", in particular CO₂ and CH₄. Such a starting date also coincides with James Watt's invention of the steam engine in 1784.^[20]

Global warming

Steve Connor, Science Editor of the Independent, wrote:

Professor Paul Crutzen, who won a Nobel Prize in 1995 for his work on the hole in the ozone layer, believes that political attempts to limit man-made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed.

In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal Climatic Change, he says that an "escape route" is needed if global warming begins to run out of control.^[21]

Professor Crutzen has advocated for geo-engenieering solutions, including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of sulphur in the upper atmosphere, along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels, which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space. The controversial proposal is being taken seriously by scientists,{{who|date=May 2015}} because Professor Crutzen has a proven track record in atmospheric research. If this artificial cooling method actually were to work, it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity. Potentially extending the planet's integrity and livability.^[22]

In January 2008, Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.^[23]

Nuclear winter

Crutzen was also a leader in promoting the theory of nuclear winter. Together with John Birks he wrote the first publication introducing the subject: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982).^[24] They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities, which would reach the middle and higher troposphere. They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth's surface, and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations, thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population.

In a Baltimore Sun newspaper article printed in January 1991, along with his nuclear winter colleagues, Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the Kuwait oil fires would result in "significant" nuclear winter-like effects; continental-sized effects of sub-freezing temperatures.^[25]

Paul Crutzen states "Nuclear war could easily mean the destruction of not only our race, but most of the planetary life as well."{{citation needed|reason=need source and page # for quote|date=November 2012}}

Awards and honours

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Crutzen has won several other awards. this is a partial list, a full list can be found on Crutzen's website.^[26]

• 1976: Outstanding Publication Award, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
• 1984: Rolex-Discover Scientist of the Year.
• 1985: Recipient of the Leó Szilárd Award for "Physics in the Publics Interest" of the American Physical Society.
• 1986: Elected to Fellow of the American Geophysical Union
• 1989: Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.
• 1990: Corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences^[27]
• 1991: Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences;
• 1995: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (with Dr. M. Molina and Dr. F. S. Rowland, U.S.A.)
• 1995: Recipient of the Global Ozone Award for "Outstanding Contribution for the Protection of the Ozone Layer" by United Nations Environment Programme.
• 1996: Honorary Member of the International Ozone Commission
• 1999: Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• 2002: Worldwide most cited author in the Geosciences with 2911 citations from 110 publications during the decade 1991-2001, Institute for Scientific Information
• 2006: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)^[28]

Personal life

In 1956 Crutzen met Terttu Soininen, whom he would marry a few years later in February 1958. In December of the same year, the couple had a daughter by the name of Ilona. In March 1964, the couple had another daughter, Sylvia.^[1]

References

• The Six Napoleons
• The six parts seven
• The Six Sacred Stones
• The Six Swans
• The Six Symmetries of Music
• The Sixteen Millimeter Shrine
• The Sixteenth College
• The sixth amendment
• The Sixth Battalion
• The sixth circle of hell
• The Sixth Dalai Lama
• The Sixth Day and Other Tales
• The Sixth Dimension
• The Sixth Doctor
• The Sixth Element
• The Sixth Finger
• The Sixth Finger (episode)
• The Sixth Floor Museum
• The Sixth Form College Farnborough
• The Sixth Form College, Solihull
• The Sixth Framework Programme
• The Sixth One
• The Sixths
• The Sixth Sense (film)
• The Sixth Sense (television)