| 词条 | Paul Popenoe |
| 释义 |
Paul Bowman Popenoe (October 16, 1888 – June 19, 1979) was an American agricultural explorer and eugenicist. He was an influential advocate of the compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and the mentally disabled, and the father of marriage counseling in the United States. BiographyBorn Paul Bowman Popenoe in Topeka, Kansas in 1888, he was the son of Marion Bowman Popenoe and Frederick Oliver Popenoe, a pioneer of the avocado industry. (Popenoe dropped his middle name early in life.) He moved to California as a teen. After attending Occidental College for two years and Stanford University for his Junior year (Majoring in English with coursework in biology), Popenoe left school to care for his father and worked for several years as a newspaper editor. He then worked briefly as an agricultural explorer collecting date specimens in Western Asia and Northern Africa for his father's nursery in California, along with his younger brother Wilson Popenoe, a horticulturist. These travels received considerable support and interest from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[1] Paul Popenoe published his first book Date Growing in the Old World and the New in 1913. In the mid-1910s Popenoe became interested in human breeding, editing the Journal of Heredity from 1913 until 1917, with a special attention to eugenics and social hygiene. By 1918, Popenoe had become well-established enough to co-author (with Roswell Hill Johnson) a popular college textbook on eugenics (Applied Eugenics, edited by Richard T. Ely), which outlined his vision of a eugenics program that primarily relied on the segregation of "waste humanity" into rural institutions where they would perform manual labor to offset the cost of their institutionalization. He was opposed to child labor on the belief that banning such labor would reduce the size of families he regarded as unfit members of society.[2] Additionally, Applied Eugenics contains a chapter expounding on Popenoe's belief in the racial inferiority of Negros. {{Rquote|left|An elementary knowledge of the history of Africa, or the more recent and much-quoted example of Haiti, is sufficient to prove that the Negro's own social heritage is at a level far below that of the whites among whom he is living in the United States.... The Negro race is germinally lacking in the higher developments of intelligence.[3] }} During World War I Popenoe was inducted into the officer corps of the United States Army. Under the War Department Commission on Training Camp Activities, he was charged with rooting out liquor and prostitution in an effort to reduce the high incidence of venereal disease amongst U.S. troops.[4] Paul Popenoe married Betty Stankowitch in New York on 23 August 1920. They remained married until her death on 26 June 1978. In the mid-1920s, Popenoe began working with E.S. Gosney, a wealthy California financier, and the Human Betterment Foundation to promote eugenic policies in the state of California. In 1909, California had enacted its first compulsory sterilization law which allowed for sterilization of the mentally ill and mentally retarded in its state psychiatric hospitals. With Popenoe as his scientific workhorse, Gosney intended to study the sterilization work being done in California and use it to advocate sterilization in other parts of the country and in the world at large. This would culminate in a number of works, most prominently their joint-authored Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909-1929 in 1929. This work would become a popular text for the advocacy of sterilization, as it purported to be an objective study of the operations in the state and concluded, not surprisingly, that rigorous programs for the sterilization of the "unfit" were beneficial to all involved, including the sterilized patients. During the 1930s he served as a member of the American Eugenics Society's board of directors along with Charles B. Davenport, Henry H. Goddard, Madison Grant, Harry H. Laughlin, and Gosney, among others. In 1929 he received an honorary Sc.D. degree from Occidental College, which he previously attended. Thenceforth, he commonly referred to himself as "Dr. Popenoe". Along with his advocacy of sterilization programs, Popenoe was also interested in using the principles of German and Austrian marriage-consultation services for eugenic purposes. Aghast at the divorce rate in US society, Popenoe came to the conclusion that "unfit" families would reproduce out of wedlock, but truly "fit" families would need to be married to reproduce. With financial help from Gosney, he opened the American Institute of Family Relations in Los Angeles in 1930. The Institute was described in 1960 as "the world's largest and best known marriage-counseling center" with a staff of seventy.[5] {{Rquote|right|One of the greatest dangers in the use of sterilization is that overzealous persons who have not thought through the subject will look at it as a cure-all, and apply it to all sorts of ends for which it is not adapted. It is only one of many measures the state can and must use to protect itself from [the human race's] deterioration.[6] }}For a while, Popenoe's two major interests, eugenics and marriage counseling, ran parallel, and he published extensively on both topics. As public interest in eugenics waned, Popenoe focused more of his energies into marriage counseling, and by the time of the public rejection of eugenics at the end of World War II, with the revelation of the Nazi Holocaust atrocities, Popenoe had thoroughly redefined himself as primarily a marriage counselor (which by that time had lost most of its explicit eugenic overtones). Over time he became more prominent in the field of counseling. Popenoe favored a popular—rather than academic—approach. In this vein, he appeared on the Art Linkletter television show for over a decade, and he regularly gave lectures and wrote mainstream articles for the general public. For many years he had a nationally syndicated newspaper column promoting marriage and family life. As presented in a 1960 biography, the focus areas of his counseling approach (and the American Institute of Family Relations) included couples' attitudes towards marriage, preparation (including sexuality education), moral values, a focus on action, and mutual understanding between the sexes.[5] At the peak of his career, he co-founded and edited Ladies' Home Journals most popular column of all time, "Can This Marriage Be Saved?" In 1960, he co-authored (with Dorothy Disney) the book of the same name. His introduction to the book catalogued some of the statistics of the American Institute of Family Relations over its first 30 years. Under his direction, the Institute gave intensive training to over 300 marriage counselors and shorter courses around the U.S. to over 1500 other people. The case load at that time averaged about 15,000 consultations per year. From the files of these numerous cases came the material for the "Can This Marriage Be Saved?" book and serial. The Institute published a bulletin entitled "Family Life" monthly or bimonthly for decades.[7] {{Rquote|left|[W]aste humanity taking waste land and thus not only contributing toward their own support, but also making over land that would otherwise be useless.[8] }}Given the role of clergy in responding to crisis in families, Popenoe increased focus in training the clergy over many years. This culminated in 1978 with the American Institute of Family Relations creating the Pastoral Psychotherapy Training Program, which offered the Master of Arts in Pastoral Psychotherapy. This was the second offering of a master's degree by the Institute.[9] As Popenoe maintained his traditional values (e.g., chastity before marriage), changes in popular culture such as feminism and sexual revolution challenged his approach. At the same time, thought leaders in the helping professions tended more and more to favor self-fulfilment over preservation of the family. This led Popenoe to ally increasingly with religious conservatives—even though he was not religious himself. For example, one of his assistants was James Dobson, who founded Focus on the Family in 1977. In contemporary US society of the third millennium, the approach Popenoe developed to marriage counseling—educational and directive rather than medical or psychological—is coming back into fashion.[4] In the end, the American Institute of Family Relations turned out to be highly dependent on Popenoe's leadership. It closed in the 1980s, not long after Paul Popenoe's death. Popenoe died 19 June 1979 in Miami, Florida. ArchivesShortly before his death, Popenoe transferred his papers to the University of Wyoming. In 2002, the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming reported the collection Paul Bowman Popenoe Papers, 1874-1991, consisting of 85 cubic feet of material.[10] The archives of the Human Betterment Foundation are in Special Collections at Caltech in Pasadena. Publications
| title = The Church Looks at Family Life | url = | edition = First | year = 1964 | publisher = Broadman Press | location = Nashville, Tennessee, US | id = Library of Congress number: 64-21162 | pages = 114–167}}
See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal | first = Robert Forrest | last = Wilson |date=November 1921 | title = "Uncle Sam's" Adventures | journal = St. Nicholas, The Century Co., New York | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–66 }} 2. ^"...the unfit poor would be unable to put their children to work and thus would have fewer children, a eugenic goal."Thomas C. Leonard, "Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era". Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 19, No. 4, Fall 2005, pp. 207–224 3. ^{{Cite book | last = Popenoe | first = P. | authorlink = P. Popenoe |author2=Johnson, R H | title = Applied Eugenics | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19560/19560-h/19560-h.htm | edition = | year = 1918 | publisher = The Macmillan Company | location = New York, New York, US | chapter = Chapter XIV: The Color Line}} 4. ^1 David Popenoe, War Over the Family, Transaction Publishers, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7658-0259-7}}. Chapter 14: Remembering My Father: An Intellectual Portrait of "The Man Who Saved Marriages". 5. ^1 {{Cite journal | first = Betty | last = Hoffman |date=September 1960 | title = The Man Who Saves Marriages | journal = Ladies' Home Journal | pages = 71,120, 123–124}} 6. ^{{Cite book | last = Gosney | first = E.S. | authorlink = E.S. Gosney |author2=Popenoe, Paul | title = Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909-1929 | url = | edition = | year = 1929 | publisher = The Macmillan Company | location = New York, New York, US | pages = 59 | chapter = Chapter 7: Voluntary Sterilization | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=-3reUu-YbicC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=one+of+the+greatest+dangers+in+the+use+of+sterilization+is+that+overzealous&ct=result | quote = "Troublesome Delinquents" section}} 7. ^{{Cite book | last = Popenoe | first = Paul |author2=Disney, Dorothy Cameron | title = Can This Marriage Be Saved? | url = https://archive.org/details/CanThisMarrageBeSaved | edition = First | year = 1960 | publisher = The Macmillan Company | location = New York | id = Library of Congress number: 60-8124}} 8. ^{{Cite book | last = Popenoe | first = P. | authorlink = P. Popenoe |author2=Johnson, R H | title = Applied Eugenics | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19560/19560-h/19560-h.htm | edition = | year = 1918 | publisher = The Macmillan Company | location = New York, New York, US | chapter = Chapter XIV: The Color Line}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | first = Edward | last = Peacock |date=September–October 1979 | title = Goodbye, Mr. and Mrs. Marriage | journal = Family Life: Bi-monthly service bulletin of the American Institute of Family Relations | pages = 2–8}} 10. ^{{cite book | title = American Heritage Center Annual Report | publisher = American Heritage Center – University of Wyoming | date = 2002 | location = Laramie, WY 82071 | page = 12}} Further reading
External links
8 : 1888 births|1979 deaths|American eugenicists|American health activists|American political activists|Race and intelligence controversy|Relationship counseling|Scientific racism |
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