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词条 Bharati Braille
释义

  1. System

  2. Alphabet

     Codas 

  3. Punctuation

     Pointing and Urdu  Other languages 

  4. Digits

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External Links

{{Infobox writing system
| name = Bharati braille
| altname = {{Braille cell|type=text|background=transparent|⠘|⠜|⠗||⠞|⠔||⠈|⠃|⠗|⠑|⠇}}
| type = Alphabet
| typedesc =
| time =
| languages = various
| fam1 = Night writing
| fam2 = Braille
| fam3 = English Braille
| children =
  • Bengali Braille
  • Devanagari Braille
  • Gujarati Braille
  • Kannada Braille
  • Malayalam Braille
  • Oriya Braille
  • Punjabi Braille
  • Sinhalese Braille
  • Telugu Braille
  • Tamil Braille
  • Indian Urdu Braille

| creator =
| sample = Tamil_braille_sample.png
| imagesize =
| note = none
}}{{Contains Indic text}}

Bharati braille ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑːr|ə|t|i}} {{Respell|BAR|ə|tee}}), or Bharatiya Braille (Hindi: {{lang|hi|भारती ब्रेल}} {{IAST|bhāratī brēl}} {{IPA-hi|bʱaːɾət̪iː bɾɛːl|IPA}} "Indian braille"), is a largely unified braille script for writing the languages of India. When India gained independence, eleven braille scripts were in use, in different parts of the country and for different languages. By 1951 a single national standard had been settled on, Bharati braille, which has since been adopted by Sri Lanka,[1] Nepal, and Bangladesh.[2] There are slight differences in the orthographies for Nepali in India and Nepal, and for Tamil in India and Sri Lanka. There are significant differences in Bengali Braille between India and Bangladesh, with several letters differing. Pakistan has not adopted Bharati braille, so the Urdu Braille of Pakistan is an entirely different alphabet than the Urdu Braille of India, with their commonalities largely due to their common inheritance from English or International Braille. Sinhalese Braille largely conforms to other Bharati, but differs significantly toward the end of the alphabet, and is covered in its own article.

Bharati braille alphabets use a 6-dot cell with values based largely on English Braille. Letters are assigned as consistently as possible across the various regional scripts of India as they are transliterated in the Latin script, so that, for example, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, and English are rendered largely the same in braille.

System

Although basically alphabetic, Bharati braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel a is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a syllable or before a vowel. This has been called a "linearized alphasyllabary [abugida]".[3] For example, and taking Devanagari as a representative printed script, the braille letter {{Braille cell|K|type=text}} (the consonant K) renders print {{lang|hi|क}} ka, and braille {{Braille cell|TH|type=text}} (TH) renders print {{lang|hi|थ}} tha. To indicate that a consonant occurs without a following vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a virama (vowel-canceling) prefix is used: {{Braille cell|accent|K|type=text}} (virama-K) is {{lang|hi|क}} k, and {{Braille cell|accent|TH|type=text}} (virama-TH) is {{lang|hi|थ}} th. However, unlike in print, there are no vowel diacritics in Bharati braille; vowels are written as full letters following the consonant, regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel i is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, {{lang|hi|कि}} ki, but in braille it follows the consonant in its full form: {{Braille cell|K|I|type=text}} (K-I), equivalent to writing {{angle bracket|{{lang|hi|कइ}}}} for ki in print. Thus print {{lang|hi|क्लिक}} klika is written in braille as {{Braille cell|accent|K|L|I|K|type=text}} (virama-K-L-I-K). The one time a non-initial short a is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the a must be written, because otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus print {{angle bracket|{{lang|hi|कइ}}}} kai is rendered in braille as {{Braille cell|K|A|I}} (K–A–I), to disambiguate it from {{Braille cell|K|I}} for {{lang|hi|कि}} ki.

Apart from the kṣ and jñ, Bharati braille does not handle conjuncts. Consonant clusters written as conjuncts in print are handled with the virama in braille, just as they are with computer fonts that lack the conjuncts. Bharati braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend all the Bharati alphabets to include conjuncts.

Alphabet

Following are the charts of the braille correspondences of the main Indian scripts.[4] Irregularities, where a letter does not match the romanized heading, are placed in parentheses.

ISO a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au
Brailletype=image|1}}type=image|453}}type=image|42}}type=image|53}}type=image|136}}type=image|1256}}type=image|26}}type=image|15}}type=image|43}}type=image|1436}}type=image|153}}type=image|426}}
Gurmukhipa|ਅ}}pa|ਆ}}pa|ਇ}}pa|ਈ}}pa|ਉ}}pa|ਊ}}pa|ਏ}}pa|ਐ}}pa|ਖ਼}} x)[5]pa|ਓ}}pa|ਔ}}
Urdu آ ی و ے ے (خ‎ x)[5] و و
Devanagari[6]hi|अ}}hi|आ}}hi|इ}}hi|ई}}hi|उ}}hi|ऊ}}hi|ऎ}}hi|ए}}hi|ऐ}}hi|ऒ}}hi|ओ}}hi|औ}}
Gujaratigu|અ}}gu|આ}}gu|ઇ}}gu|ઈ}}gu|ઉ}}gu|ઊ}}gu|એ}}gu|ઐ}}gu|ઓ}}gu|ઔ}}
Bengalibn|অ}}bn|আ}}bn|ই}}bn|ঈ}}bn|উ}}bn|ঊ}}bn|য়}} y)[7]bn|এ}}bn|ঐ}}bn|ও}}bn|ঔ}}
Oriyaor|ଅ}}or|ଆ}}or|ଇ}}or|ଈ}}or|ଉ}}or|ଊ}}or|ୟ}} ẏ)[7]or|ଏ}}or|ଐ}}or|ଓ}}or|ଔ}}
Telugute|అ}}te|ఆ}}te|ఇ}}te|ఈ}}te|ఉ}}te|ఊ}}te|ఎ}}te|ఏ}}te|ఐ}}te|ఒ}}te|ఓ}}te|ఔ}}
Kannadakn|ಅ}}kn|ಆ}}kn|ಇ}}kn|ಈ}}kn|ಉ}}kn|ಊ}}kn|ಎ}}kn|ಏ}}kn|ಐ}}kn|ಒ}}kn|ಓ}}kn|ಔ}}
Malayalamml|അ}}ml|ആ}}ml|ഇ}}ml|ഈ}}ml|ഉ}}ml|ഊ}}ml|എ}}ml|ഏ}}ml|ഐ}}ml|ഒ}}ml|ഓ}}ml|ഔ}}
Tamilta|அ}}ta|ஆ}}ta|இ}}ta|ஈ}}ta|உ}}ta|ஊ}}ta|எ}}ta|ஏ}}ta|ஐ}}ta|ஒ}}ta|ஓ}}ta|ஔ}}
ISO r̥r̥̄l̥l̥̄
Braille{{Braille cell|type=image|5|1253}}{{Braille cell|type=image|6|1253}}{{Braille cell|type=image|5|123}}{{Braille cell|type=image|6|123}}
Devanagari{{lang|hi|ऋ}}{{lang|hi|ॠ}}{{lang|hi|ऌ}}{{lang|hi|ॡ}}
Gujarati{{lang|gu|ઋ}}{{lang|gu|ૠ}}
Bengali{{lang|bn|ঋ}}{{lang|bn|ঌ}}
Oriya{{lang|or|ଋ}}{{lang|or|ୠ}}{{lang|or|ଌ}}{{lang|or|ୡ}}
Telugu{{lang|te|ఋ}}{{lang|te|ౠ}}{{lang|te|ఌ}}{{lang|te|ౡ}}
Kannada{{lang|kn|ಋ}}{{lang|kn|ೠ}}
Malayalam{{lang|ml|ഋ}}{{lang|ml|ൠ}}{{lang|ml|ഌ}}{{lang|ml|ൡ}}
ISO k kh g gh ṅ
Brailletype=image|13}}type=image|46}}type=image|1425}}type=image|126}}type=image|436}}
Gurmukhipa|ਕ}}pa|ਖ}}pa|ਗ}}pa|ਘ}}pa|ਙ}}
Urdu ک کھ گ گھ
Devanagarihi|क}}hi|ख}}hi|ग}}hi|घ}}hi|ङ}}
Gujaratigu|ક}}gu|ખ}}gu|ગ}}gu|ઘ}}gu|ઙ}}
Bengalibn|ক}}bn|খ}}bn|গ}}bn|ঘ}}bn|ঙ}}
Oriyaor|କ}}or|ଖ}}or|ଗ}}or|ଘ}}or|ଙ}}
Telugute|క}}te|ఖ}}te|గ}}te|ఘ}}te|ఙ}}
Kannadakn|ಕ}}kn|ಖ}}kn|ಗ}}kn|ಘ}}kn|ಙ}}
Malayalamml|ക}}ml|ഖ}}ml|ഗ}}ml|ഘ}}ml|ങ}}
Tamilta|க}}ta|ங}}
ISO c ch j jh ñ
Brailletype=image|14}}type=image|16}}type=image|425}}type=image|536}}type=image|25}}
Gurmukhipa|ਚ}}pa|ਛ}}pa|ਜ}}pa|ਝ}}pa|ਞ}}
Urdu چ چھ ج جھ
Devanagarihi|च}}hi|छ}}hi|ज}}hi|झ}}hi|ञ}}
Gujaratigu|ચ}}gu|છ}}gu|જ}}gu|ઝ}}gu|ઞ}}
Bengalibn|চ}}bn|ছ}}bn|জ}}bn|ঝ}}bn|ঞ}}
Oriyaor|ଚ}}or|ଛ}}or|ଜ}}or|ଝ}}or|ଞ}}
Telugute|చ}}te|ఛ}}te|జ}}te|ఝ}}te|ఞ}}
Kannadakn|ಚ}}kn|ಛ}}kn|ಜ}}kn|ಝ}}kn|ಞ}}
Malayalamml|ച}}ml|ഛ}}ml|ജ}}ml|ഝ}}ml|ഞ}}
Tamilta|ச}}ta|ஜ}}ta|ஞ}}
ISO ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ
Brailletype=image|42536}}type=image|4256}}type=image|1426}}type=image|142536}}type=image|4536}}
Gurmukhipa|ਟ}}pa|ਠ}}pa|ਡ}}pa|ਢ}}pa|ਣ}}
Urdu ٹ ٹھ ڈ ڈھ
Devanagarihi|ट}}hi|ठ}}hi|ड}}hi|ढ}}hi|ण}}
Gujaratigu|ટ}}gu|ઠ}}gu|ડ}}gu|ઢ}}gu|ણ}}
Bengalibn|ট}}bn|ঠ}}bn|ড}}bn|ঢ}}bn|ণ}}
Oriyaor|ଟ}}or|ଠ}}or|ଡ}}or|ଢ}}or|ଣ}}
Telugute|ట}}te|ఠ}}te|డ}}te|ఢ}}te|ణ}}
Kannadakn|ಟ}}kn|ಠ}}kn|ಡ}}kn|ಢ}}kn|ಣ}}
Malayalamml|ട}}ml|ഠ}}ml|ഡ}}ml|ഢ}}ml|ണ}}
Tamilta|ட}}ta|ண}}
ISO t th d dh n
Brailletype=image|4253}}type=image|1456}}type=image|145}}type=image|4236}}type=image|1453}}
Gurmukhipa|ਤ}}pa|ਥ}}pa|ਦ}}pa|ਧ}}pa|ਨ}}
Urdu ت تھ د دھ ن
Devanagarihi|त}}hi|थ}}hi|द}}hi|ध}}hi|न}}
Gujaratigu|ત}}gu|થ}}gu|દ}}gu|ધ}}gu|ન}}
Bengalibn|ত}}bn|থ}}bn|দ}}bn|ধ}}bn|ন}}
Oriyaor|ତ}}or|ଥ}}or|ଦ}}or|ଧ}}or|ନ}}
Telugute|త}}te|థ}}te|ద}}te|ధ}}te|న}}
Kannadakn|ತ}}kn|ಥ}}kn|ದ}}kn|ಧ}}kn|ನ}}
Malayalamml|ത}}ml|ഥ}}ml|ദ}}ml|ധ}}ml|ന}}
Tamilta|த}}ta|ந}}
ISO p ph b bh m
Brailletype=image|1423}}type=image|253}}type=image|12}}type=image|45}}type=image|143}}
Gurmukhipa|ਪ}}pa|ਫ}}pa|ਬ}}pa|ਭ}}pa|ਮ}}
Urdu پ پھ ب بھ م
Devanagarihi|प}}hi|फ}}hi|ब}}hi|भ}}hi|म}}
Gujaratigu|પ}}gu|ફ}}gu|બ}}gu|ભ}}gu|મ}}
Bengalibn|প}}bn|ফ}}bn|ব}}bn|ভ}}bn|ম}}
Oriyaor|ପ}}or|ଫ}}or|ବ}}or|ଭ}}or|ମ}}
Telugute|ప}}te|ఫ}}te|బ}}te|భ}}te|మ}}
Kannadakn|ಪ}}kn|ಫ}}kn|ಬ}}kn|ಭ}}kn|ಮ}}
Malayalamml|പ}}ml|ഫ}}ml|ബ}}ml|ഭ}}ml|മ}}
Tamilta|ப}}ta|ம}}
ISO y r l ḷ v
Brailletype=image|14536}}type=image|1253}}type=image|123}}type=image|456}}type=image|1236}}
Gurmukhipa|ਯ}}pa|ਰ}}pa|ਲ}}pa|ਲ਼}}pa|ਵ}}
Urdu ی ر ل و
Devanagarihi|य}}hi|र}}hi|ल}}hi|ळ}}hi|व}}
Gujaratigu|ય}}gu|ર}}gu|લ}}gu|ળ}}gu|વ}}
Bengalibn|য}}bn|র}}/{{lang|as|ৰ}}[8]bn|ল}}as|ৱ}}[8]
Oriyaor|ଯ}}or|ର}}or|ଳ}}or|ଲ}}or|ୱ}}/{{lang|or|ଵ}}[9]
Telugute|య}}te|ర}}te|ల}}te|ళ}}te|వ}}
Kannadakn|ಯ}}kn|ರ}}kn|ಲ}}kn|ಳ}}kn|ವ}}
Malayalamml|യ}}ml|ര}}ml|ല}}ml|ള}}ml|വ}}
Tamilta|ய}}ta|ர}}ta|ல}}ta|ள}}ta|வ}}
ISO ś ṣ s h
Brailletype=image|146}}type=image|14236}}type=image|423}}type=image|125}}
Gurmukhipa|ਸ਼}}pa|ਸ}}pa|ਹ}}
Urdu ش ص س ہ
Devanagarihi|श}}hi|ष}}hi|स}}hi|ह}}
Gujaratigu|શ}}gu|ષ}}gu|સ}}gu|હ}}
Bengalibn|শ}}bn|ষ}}bn|স}}bn|হ}}
Oriyaor|ଶ}}or|ଷ}}or|ସ}}or|ହ}}
Telugute|శ}}te|ష}}te|స}}te|హ}}
Kannadakn|ಶ}}kn|ಷ}}kn|ಸ}}kn|ಹ}}
Malayalamml|ശ}}ml|ഷ}}ml|സ}}ml|ഹ}}
Tamilta|ஶ}}ta|ஷ}}ta|ஸ}}ta|ஹ}}
ISO kṣ jñ ṛ/ṟ ṛh ḻ ṉ f z
Brailletype=image|14253}}type=image|156}}type=image|12456}}{{Braille cell|type=image|5|14256}}type=image|12356}}type=image|56}}type=image|f}}type=image|z}}
Gurmukhipa|ੜ}}[10]pa|ਫ਼}}pa|ਜ਼}}
Urdu (ق‎ q)[11] (ح‎ ḥ)[11] ڑڑھ (ع‎ ʿ)[11] ف ز
Devanagarihi|क्ष}}hi|ज्ञ}}hi|ड़}}{{lang|hi|ढ़}}[12]hi|फ़}}hi|ज़}}
Gujaratigu|ક્ષ}}gu|જ્ઞ}}
Bengalibn|ক্ষ}}bn|জ্ঞ}}bn|ড়}}{{lang|bn|ঢ়}}
Oriyaor|କ୍ଷ}}or|ଜ୍ଞ}}or|ଡ଼}}{{lang|or|ଢ଼}}
Telugu{{lang|te|క్ష}}te|ఱ}}
Kannadakn|ಕ್ಷ}}kn|ಱ}}
Malayalamml|ക്ഷ}}ml|ജ്ഞ}}ml|റ}}ml|ഴ}}
Tamilta|க்ஷ}}ta|ற}}ta|ழ}}ta|ன}}

Codas

ISO HalantAnusvaraVisargaCandrabinduAvagraha
Braille{{Braille cell|type=image|4}}{{Braille cell|type=image|56}}{{Braille cell|type=image|6}}{{Braille cell|type=image|3}}{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}
Gurmukhi{{lang|pa|ਕ੍}}{{lang|pa|ਕਂ}}{{lang|pa|ਕਃ}}{{lang|pa|ਕਁ}}
Urduں
Devanagari{{lang|hi|क्}}{{lang|hi|कं}}{{lang|hi|कः}}{{lang|hi|कँ}}{{lang|hi|कऽ}}
Gujarati{{lang|gu|ક્}}{{lang|gu|કં}}{{lang|gu|કઃ}}{{lang|gu|કઁ}}{{lang|gu|કઽ}}
Bengali{{lang|bn|ক্}}{{lang|bn|কং}}{{lang|bn|কঃ}}{{lang|bn|কঁ}}{{lang|bn|কঽ}}
Oriya{{lang|or|କ୍}}{{lang|or|କଂ}}{{lang|or|କଃ}}{{lang|or|କଁ}}{{lang|or|କଽ}}
Telugu{{lang|te|క్}}{{lang|te|కం}}{{lang|te|కః}}{{lang|te|కఁ}}{{lang|te|కఽ}}
Kannada{{lang|kn|ಕ್}}{{lang|kn|ಕಂ}}{{lang|kn|ಕಃ}}
Malayalam{{lang|ml|ക്}}{{lang|ml|കം}}{{lang|ml|കഃ}}
Tamil{{lang|ta|க்}}{{lang|ta|ஃ}}

In Hindi (written in Devanagari), halanta is not used with the last letter when a word ends in a consonant.

Punctuation

Some of the punctuation marks (comma, close quote) duplicate letters. The caps mark is only used when transcribing English.

Punctuation Comma /
Apostrophe		 ; : ।
(danda) 		॥
(double danda)		 ! ? / Open
quote 		Close
quote
Braille{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}type=image|23}}type=image|25}}type=image|256}}{{Braille cell|type=image|256|256}}type=image|253}}type=image|236}}type=image|536}}
Punctuation Accent Hyphen Dash Pointing Asterisk Italics (        )
Brailletype=image|4}}type=image|36}}{{Braille cell|type=image|36|36}}type=image|5}}{{Braille cell|type=image|53|53}}type=image|46}}{{Braille cell|type=image|25362536}

The 'accent', {{Braille cell|4|type=text}}, transcribes Urdu ّ shaddah (tashdeed), and the colon, {{Braille cell|25|type=text}}, is also used for Urdu ة ta marbuta.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

In Bangladesh and Nepal, several additional punctuation marks are noted, but they do not agree with each other. It is not clear which are used in India. (See Bengali Braille and Nepali Braille.)

Pointing and Urdu

{{main article|Urdu Braille|Hindi Braille}}

The pointing symbol, {{Braille cell|5|type=text}}, is used for consonant letters that in print are derived by adding a dot to another consonant. For Urdu, the base letter in Devanagari is used: the pointing of the Arabic/Persian script is not reflected. For example, Gurmukhi {{lang|pa|ਗ਼}} / Urdu غ / Devanagari {{lang|hi|ग़}} ġa {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, formed by adding a dot to g in Gurmukhi and Devanagari, is written {{Braille cell|5|g|type=text}} point-G in all three. With Urdu, this is only done in India.

Other languages

Ethnologue 17 reports braille usage for Mizo, Garo, and Meitei. It is not clear if these are obsolete alphabets, or if they have been unified with Bharati Braille.

Digits

Digits follow international conventions and are marked by {{bc|#}}.

See also

  • Sinhalese Braille (several letter values different from India)
  • Bengali Braille (a few different letter values in Bangladesh)
  • Urdu Braille (different alphabet in Pakistan)
  • Devanagari Braille
  • Gujarati Braille
  • Kannada Braille
  • Malayalam Braille
  • Oriya Braille
  • Punjabi Braille
  • Telugu Braille
  • Tamil Braille
  • Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for "Hindustanee"-reading blind people as proposed.

References

1. ^With a few inconsistencies in non-native sounds in Sinhala
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VI.pdf |title= Braille Chapter VI |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-08-30}}
3. ^Richard Sproat, Language, Technology, and Society
4. ^UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
5. ^1 In Urdu and Gurmukhi, {{Braille cell|x|type=text}} is used for خ/{{lang|pa|ਖ਼}} x, based on its value in unified international braille. For the equivalent letter in Devanagari, {{lang|hi|ख़}}, the pointing diacritic can be used.
6. ^Hindi, Nepali, Marathi
7. ^1 In Bengali and Oriya, {{Braille cell|26|type=text}} is a consonant y-sound. In the national scripts, the letters are derived from the original y, which had shifted to a j-sound. The Oriya letter, {{lang|or|ୟ}}, is transcribed ẏ.
8. ^1 {{lang|as|ৰ}} and {{lang|as|ৱ}} are Assamese.
9. ^These have the same sound value in Oriya.
10. ^Unesco (2013) also has {{Braille cell|5|14256}} for Gurmukhi {{lang|pa|ੜ੍ਹ}} ṛh, but this is an apparent error; {{lang|pa|ੜ੍ਹ}} is a sequence ṛ-h, not a letter of the Gurmukhi script.
11. ^1 2 In Urdu, {{Braille cell|14253|type=text}} (kṣ) is used for ق q, the value it has in Unified Braille; {{Braille cell|156|type=text}} (jñ) is used for ح ḥ, and {{Braille cell|12356|type=text}} (ḻ) for ع ʿ. For Devanagari {{lang|hi|क़}} q, the pointing diacritic can be used.
12. ^According to Unesco (2013), this is the value in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes tr, and several of the other Sanskrit letters are not used. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants.
13. ^{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

External Links

  • [https://wecapable.com/braille-translator/hindi-braille/ Bharati Braille Implementation]
{{Braille}}

3 : Bharati braille alphabets|French-ordered braille alphabets|Hindi
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