“Pax Britannica”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century",^[3]^[4] around {{convert|10,000,000|sqmi|km2}} of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire.^[5] Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival, other than perhaps Russia in central Asia.^[6] When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans, the British and French defeated them in the Crimean War (1854–1856), thereby protecting the Ottoman Empire.

Britain's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power (in the latter part of the period such supremacy being protected by the "two-power standard"). Alongside the formal control exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. British merchants, shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an "informal empire".^[7]^[8]^[9]

History

After losing the American colonies in the American Revolution, Britain turned towards Asia, the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire (1783–1815). The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1700s and new ideas emerged about free markets, such as Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776). Free trade became a central principle that Britain practiced by the 1840s. It played a key role in Britain's economic growth and financial dominance.^[10]

From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 until World War I in 1914, the United Kingdom played the role of global hegemon (most powerful actor). Imposition of a "British Peace" on key maritime trade routes began in 1815 with the annexation of British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).^[11] Under the British Residency of the Persian Gulf, local Arab rulers agreed to a number of treaties that formalised Britain’s protection of the region. Britain imposed an anti-piracy treaty, known as the General Maritime Treaty of 1820, on all Arab rulers in the region. By signing the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, Arab rulers gave up their right to wage war at sea in return for British protection against external threats.^[12] The global superiority of British military and commerce was aided by a divided and relatively weak continental Europe, and the presence of the Royal Navy on all of the world's oceans and seas. Even outside its formal empire, Britain controlled trade with many countries such as China, Siam, and Argentina. Following the Congress of Vienna the British Empire's economic strength continued to develop through naval dominance^[13] and diplomatic efforts to maintain a balance of power in continental Europe.^[14]

In this era, the Royal Navy provided services around the world that benefited other nations, such as the suppression of piracy and blocking the slave trade. The Slave Trade Act 1807 had banned the trade across the British Empire, after which the Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron and the government negotiated international treaties under which they could enforce the ban.^[15]^[16] Sea power, however, did not project on land. Land wars fought between the major powers include the Crimean War, the Franco-Austrian War, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War, as well as numerous conflicts between lesser powers. The Royal Navy prosecuted the First Opium War (1839{{ndash}}1842) and Second Opium War (1856{{ndash}}1860) against Imperial China. The Royal Navy was superior to any other two navies in the world, combined. Between 1815 and the passage of the German naval laws of 1890 and 1898, only France was a potential naval threat.

Britain traded goods and capital extensively with countries around the world, adopting a free trade policy after 1840. The growth of British imperial strength was further underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line.^[17]

The Pax Britannica was weakened by the breakdown of the continental order which had been established by the Congress of Vienna.^[18] Relations between the Great Powers of Europe were strained to breaking point by issues such as the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which led to the Crimean War, and later the emergence of new nation states in the form of Italy and Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. Both of these wars involved Europe's largest states and armies. The industrialisation of Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the United States contributed to the relative decline of British industrial supremacy in the late 19th century.

See also

References

Footnotes

1. ^Johnston, pp. 508-10.
2. ^Porter, p. 332.
3. ^Hyam, p. 1.
4. ^Smith, p. 71.
5. ^Parsons, p. 3.
6. ^Porter, p. 401.
7. ^Porter, p. 8.
8. ^Marshall, pp. 156–57.
9. ^Cameron, pp. 45-47.
10. ^Darwin, p. 391.
11. ^Crawfurd, pp. 191–192: "...for what purpose was it conquered and is it now retained?' We endeavoured to explain, that during the wars, in which we were lately engaged with our European enemies who occupied the coast of the island, they harassed our commerce from its ports, and therefore, in self-defence, there was a necessity for taking possession of it."
12. ^{{cite web|title=The British in the Gulf: An Overview|url=http://www.qdl.qa/en/british-gulf-overview|website=Qatar Digital Library|publisher=British Library Qatar Foundation Partnership|accessdate=25 October 2014|quote=The increased stability that this 'Pax Britannica' brought led to increased volumes of trade in the region. Ruling families began to actively seek British protection as a means of securing their rule and safeguarding their territories.}}
13. ^Pugh, p. 83.
14. ^Thackeray, p. 57.
15. ^Falola, pp. xxi, xxxiii-xxxiv.
16. ^{{cite web|title=The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels by the Royal Navy|url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS}}
17. ^Dalziel, pp. 88–91.
18. ^Pugh, p. 90.

History

See also

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Primary sources