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词条 Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
释义

  1. Causes

  2. References

Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray.

Causes

The following are causes of BHL:[1]

  • Sarcoidosis[2]
  • Infection
    • Tuberculosis[2]
    • Fungal infection[2]
    • Mycoplasma
    • Intestinal Lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease)[3][4]
  • Malignancy
    • Lymphoma[2]
    • Carcinoma
    • Mediastinal tumors
  • Inorganic dust disease
    • Silicosis[5][6][7]
    • Berylliosis[7]
  • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
    • Such as bird fancier's lung
  • Less common causes also exist: {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
    • Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
    • Human immunodeficiency virus
    • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
    • Adult-onset Still's disease[8]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=M. Longmore |author2=I. Wilkinson |author3=T. Turmezei |author4=CK. Cheug |title=Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 7th Edition| publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2007|location=United States, New York|url=|doi=|id=|isbn= 0-19-856837-1|page=179}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Criado |first1=E|last2=Sánchez|first2=M|last3=Ramírez|first3=J|last4=Arguis|first4=P|last5=De Caralt|first5=TM|last6=Perea|first6=RJ| last7=Xaubet|first7=A|title=Pulmonary sarcoidosis: typical and atypical manifestations at high-resolution CT with pathologic correlation|journal=Radiographics|volume=30 |issue=6|pages=1567–1586 |date=October 2010|pmid=21071376|doi=10.1148/rg.306105512}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Urbanksi |first1=G|last2=Rivereau|first2=P|last3=Artru|first3=L|last4=Fenollar|first4=F|last5=Raoult|first5=D|last6=Puéchal|first6=X|title=Whipple disease revealed by lung involvement: a case report and literature review|journal=Chest|volume=141 |issue=6|pages=1595–1598|date=June 2012|pmid=22670021|doi=10.1378/chest.11-1812}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Beers|first=Mark|title=The Merck Manual|year=2006}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Suwatanapongched |first1=T|last2=Gierada|first2=DS|title=CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part II: diseases and pitfalls|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=79 |issue=948|pages=999–1000|date=December 2006|pmid=16641412|url=http://bjr.birjournals.org/content/79/948/999.full |doi=10.1259/bjr/82484604}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Leung |first1=CC|last2=Yu|first2=IT|last3=Chen|first3=W|title=Silicosis|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=379 |issue=9830|pages=2008–2018|date=May 2012|pmid=22534002|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60235-9}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=S|last2=Lee|first2=KS|last3=Chung|first3=MJ|last4=Han|first4=J|last5=Kwon|first5=OJ|last6=Kim|first6=TS|title=Pneumoconiosis: comparison of imaging and pathologic findings|journal=Radiographics|volume=26 |issue=1|pages=59–77|date=January–February 2006|pmid= 16418244|url=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/26/1/59.long |doi=10.1148/rg.261055070}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Owlia |first1=MB|last2=Mehrpoor|first2=G|title=Adult-onset Still's disease: a review|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Sciences|volume=63 |issue=5|pages=207–221 |date=May 2009|pmid=19584494|doi=10.4103/0019-5359.53169}}
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