| 词条 | Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park |
| 释义 |
| name = Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park | iucn_category = V | map = Florida | photo = Paynes Prairie observation tower view.jpg | photo_caption = Looking north from the Prairie observation tower | location = Alachua County, Florida, United States | nearest_city = Gainesville, Florida | coordinates = {{coord|29.5830556|N|82.3330556|W|region:US-FL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|21000|acre|km2}} | established = 1971 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Florida Department of Environmental Protection | embedded1 = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = NNL | designation1_date = December 1974 }}Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park, encompassing a {{convert|21000|acre|km2|adj=on}} savanna in Micanopy, Florida, south of Gainesville. It is also a U.S. National Natural Landmark. It is crossed by both I-75 and U.S. 441 (which has a scenic outlook ramp). It is in the center of the Paynes Prairie Basin. The basin's primary source of drainage is Alachua Sink. During occasional wet periods, the basin will become full. A notable period occurred from 1871 to 1891 when the Alachua Sink was temporarily blocked. During this period, shallow draft steamboats were a frequent sight on Alachua Lake in the center of the prairie.[1] The region was also historically known as the Alachua Savannah. Its drainage has been modified by several canals. Since 1927, Camps Canal has linked the basin to the River Styx which leads to Orange Lake and eventually the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Johns River. That reduced the basins water intake by half. Additional changes to the prairie's environment have been detrimental to its hydrology. In 1970, the state of Florida acquired the land and has been in the process of restoring the environment to a more natural condition ever since.[2] Heavy rains have temporarily restored Alachua Lake on several occasions, most recently in September 2017, when Hurricane Irma dropped several inches of rain and damaged a levee, flooding much of the basin for months.[3] HistoryRancho la ChúaBefore 1637, Francisco Menéndez Márquez the royal treasurer of Spanish Florida established Rancho la Chúa in the vicinity of Paynes Prairie. It spanned {{convert|87|sqmi|km2}} and would be by the late 17th-century the largest cattle ranch in the colony. It was raided several times by various Native groups and by French buccaneers. It became abandoned by 1706.[4] Cuscowilla and Paynes TownThe prairie became the stronghold of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe under chief Ahaya the Cowkeeper by the mid-1700s.[5] The Seminole town of Cuscowilla was located near modern Micanopy, Florida. In 1776 the area, then known as Alachua Savannah, was visited by William Bartram who noted in his book, "Bartram's Travels", that it was used as grazing ground by the local Seminole.[6] By the 1790s, Cuscowilla had been relocated to a site east of Lake Wauburg and become known as Paynes Town. The town and the surrounding prairie was named for the Cowkeeper's eldest surviving son, Payne. Paynes Town was destroyed by Tennessee Volunteers in 1813. Fort Tarver and Ford Crane were both located in Paynes Prairie during the Second Seminole War.[7] After Indian Removal, the area became inhabited by European Americans, their slaves, and very small number of free people of color. A railroad line was built along the northern edge of the prairie in the late 1800s. In 1868, heavy rains filled the basin, but quickly drained away. About 1871, Alachua Sink was temporarily blocked and the basin became full for several years. From 1871 to 1891 Alachua Lake was receiving enough water that steamboats were able to be used on it. A line ran from Chacala Pond to Sweetwater Branch. About 1889, the water level of Alachua Lake began to slowly drop. During the winter of 1890/1891 the lake was 58 feet deep. Then in late July and August 1891, the water levels of Alachua Lake suddenly dropped. Its banks were littered with dead fish and dead alligators. At one point, the water levels dropped eight feet in the span of ten days and left the lake with only its two main basins with any water.[8] Camp Ranch and the canal systemBy the 1920s, most of the prairie had been purchased by Camp Ranch, Inc. In 1927, Camp Ranch, Inc. built a canal system to divert water coming into Alachua Lake in the Paynes Prairie Basin from Newnans Lake to Orange Lake through the River Styx. The diversion of the water meant a loss of 50% of the surface water supply to Paynes Prairie. That same year, the state of Florida built U.S. 441 through the basin. In 1937, Camp Ranch began construction on the Sweetwater Branch Canal. It was designed to channelize the flow from Sweetwater Branch directly into Alachua sink instead of allowing it to settle in Lake Alachua. The subsequent urbanization of Gainesville increased the amount of stormwater directed into Sweetwater Branch and also pollutants. In 1964, the construction of I-75 through the western section of the prairie was completed.[9] Conservation and restorationIn 1970, the state of Florida acquired the land from Camp Ranch, Inc. It was designated a natural landmark in December 1974. In 1975, the Florida Park Service temporarily restored half of the historic rate of flow of water from Newnans Lake to Paynes Prairie. During the 1970s and 1980s, officials reintroduced several species to Paynes Prairie. As of 2013, Paynes Prairie receives one-third of its water from Newnans Lake, one-third from all other sources, and one-third from direct rainfall. The removal of the canals that same year had restored 7.95 miles of dikes and canals. Due to occasional heavy rains the rate of water from Prairie Creek to the Prairie is eliminated entirely to prevent damage to U.S. 441.[10] In the mids-2010s, the {{visible anchor|Sweetwater Wetlands Park}}, a 125-acre constructed enhancement wetland, was put in place on the northern section of Paynes Prairie. The project was designed to restore sheetflow to parts of the prairie obstructed by the Sweetwater Branch Canal and to also reduce the TMDL to acceptable levels that the Alachua Sink experiences. The Sweetwater Wetlands Park opened in May 2015. Future plansThe status of the highways on low dikes has led to some within Florida's Department of Environmental Protection to recommend their possible replacement with raised roadways on bridges to ameliorate the biological and hydrological impact of the roadways as they currently exist. Replacements of other canals has also been planned. There are also plans to protect and promote various archaeological and historical sites on the prairie.[11] EnvironmentPaynes Prairie is part of the Southeastern conifer forests ecoregion. The prairie itself is a large Floridian highlands freshwater marsh, composed of different herbaceous plant communities that vary based on water depth. Wet, forested areas have southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora). Southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests grow along streams. On drier uplands, southern coastal plain oak domes and hammocks of southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) grow in areas with moderately moist soils, and Florida longleaf pine sandhills grow on drier, sandier soils.[12] Over 270 species of birds can be seen in the park as well as American alligators and small herds of Florida Cracker horses and Florida Cracker cattle, first herded by the Seminole were introduced in 1985. The plains bison were reintroduced to the park from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in 1975, as part of the park service goal of restoring Florida's natural resources to pre-European settler conditions; they roamed this area until the late 18th century. When bison sightings occur, they usually appear along the Cone's Dike trail. The herd was reduced from thirty-five to seven individuals in the mid-1980s after an outbreak of Brucellosis. In the late 1990s, the herd was again reduced after inbreeding concerns. The buffalo herd reached a peak of 70 animals in 2011. The park began culling excessive animals in 2012, allowing a target population of about 8 to 10 bison to be free to roam the Florida prairie.[13][14][15] Recreational activitiesThe park contains exhibits and an audio-visual program at the visitor center that explains the area's natural and cultural history. A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}}-high observation tower near the visitor center provides a panoramic view of the preserve. Eight different trails provide opportunities for hiking, horseback riding, and bicycling. Ranger-led activities are offered on weekends, November through April. Fishing on Lake Wauburg is allowed and a boat ramp provides access for canoes and boats with electric motors. Full-facility campsites are available for overnight visitors. The Sweetwater Wetlands Project includes a network of trails that allow visitors to walk along the berms that form the enhancement wetland, an outdoor classroom, a viewing tower, and a visitors center. The park is a 'gateway site' for the Great Florida Birding Trail. The space shuttle could be seen from Paynes Prairie about a minute into its flight. The Gainesville-Hawthorne Trail also runs through Paynes Prairie. Several scenic view points lead off of the trail and into the park. Wildlife will often come up to the trail at certain times in the day. HoursThe park is located at 100 Savannah Blvd., Micanopy, FL 32667. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). Hydrology of Paynes PrairieAlachua Lake flows into the Florida aquifer through Alachua Sink. Once underground, the water then flows northwest towards the Santa Fe River Basin. The prairie receives water from a number of sources.
Canals and dikesAs of 2013, Paynes Prairie had about 38 miles of dikes and 50 miles of canals. They include
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/alachua/rpp.html|title=Romance of Payne's Prairie|last1=Taylor|first1=Laura B.|accessdate=28 December 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |page= |isbn=}} 3. ^{{cite news|last1=Leon|first1=Samantha|title=Paynes Prairie's high water still affects wildlife, U.S. 441|url=http://www.ocala.com/news/20180307/paynes-prairies-high-water-still-affects-wildlife-us-441|accessdate=17 March 2018|work=ocala.com|publisher=Ocala Star-Banner|date=8 March 2018|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |pages= 100–101|isbn=}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Hawkins|first=Philip|title=Creek Schism: Seminole Genesis Revisited|year=2009|publisher=M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of South Florida|location=Tampa|url=http://digital.lib.usf.edu:8080/fedora/get/usfldc:E14-SFE0002851/DOCUMENT}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Bartram|first=William|title=Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions; Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians.|year=1791|publisher=James and Johnson|location=Philadelphia|url=http://digital.lib.usf.edu:8080/fedora/get/usfldc:E14-SFE0002851/DOCUMENT}} 7. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |pages= 100–101|isbn=}} 8. ^{{cite news |author= |title= A Florida Lake Gone|url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1891-08-23/ed-1/seq-4/|newspaper= The Sun|location= New York, New York|date=23 August 1891 |access-date= 28 August 2016}} 9. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |page= |isbn=}} 10. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |page= |isbn=}} 11. ^{{cite book |last= State of Florida: Department of Environmental Protection |first= |date= 2013|title= Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park: Approved Unit Management Plan|url= http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/planning/parkplans/PaynesPrairiePreserveStatePark.pdf|location= Tallahassee, Florida |publisher= |pages= 45–48|isbn=}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Land Cover Viewer - Map|url=http://gis1.usgs.gov/csas/gap/viewer/land_cover/Map.aspx|work=National Gap Analysis Program|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=8 February 2013}} 13. ^Tampa Bay Times, bison article 14. ^Gainesville Times, bison article 15. ^Gainesville Times, bison roundup External links{{commons category|Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park}}
9 : 1971 establishments in Florida|Florida Native American Heritage Trail|Landforms of Florida|National Natural Landmarks in Florida|Nature centers in Florida|Parks in Alachua County, Florida|Prairies|Protected areas established in 1971|State parks of Florida |
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