| 词条 | Birmingham Set |
| 释义 |
The Birmingham Set, sometimes called the Birmingham Colony,[1] the Pembroke Set or later The Brotherhood, was a group of students at the University of Oxford in England in the 1850s, most of whom were from Birmingham or had studied at King Edward's School, Birmingham.[2] Their importance as a group was largely within the visual arts, where they played a significant role in the birth of the Arts and Crafts Movement: The Set were intimately involved in the murals painted on the Oxford Union Society in 1857, and Morris, Burne-Jones and Faulkner were founding partners of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. in 1861. Activities and developmentThe group initially met every evening in the rooms of Charles Faulkner in Pembroke College,[3] though by 1856 its dominant figure was Edwin Hatch.[4] The primary interests of the Birmingham Set were initially literary – they were admirers of Tennyson in particular[2] – and they also read the poetry of Shelley and Keats and the novels of Thackeray, Kingsley and Dickens.[5] The turning point in the group's interests took place when Morris and Burne-Jones, and through them the rest of the group, discovered the writings of John Ruskin and took to visiting English country churches and making pilgrimages to the medieval cities of France and Belgium.[6] In 1856 members of the Set published twelve monthly issues of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, which was created to propagate the group's views on aesthetics and social reform.[7] Members
References1. ^{{Harvnb|Naylor|1971|p=96}} 2. ^1 {{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Fiona|year=2004|contribution=Morris, William (1834–1896), designer, author, and visionary socialist|contribution-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19322|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|edition=Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com|accessdate=2011-06-04}} 3. ^{{Citation|last=Whyte|first=William|year=2006|contribution=Faulkner, Charles Joseph (1833–1892), university teacher and associate of William Morris|contribution-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/75608|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|edition=Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com|accessdate=2011-06-04}} 4. ^{{Citation|last=Hare|first=Humphrey|year=1949|title=Swinburne: a biographical approach|publication-place=London|publisher=H. F. & G. Witherby|page=38|oclc=361619|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=60DqTbnaFsap8QPJ64SkAQ|accessdate=2011-06-04}} 5. ^{{Harvnb|Naylor|1971|pp=96-97}} 6. ^{{Harvnb|Naylor|1971|p=97}} 7. ^{{Citation|last=Fleming|first=P. C.|year=2008|title=The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine|series=The Complete Writings and Pictures of Dante Gabriel Rossetti|publisher=NINES - Nineteenth-century Scholarship Online|url=http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/ap4.o93.raw.html|accessdate=2013-04-29}} Bibliography
3 : Arts and Crafts Movement|Culture of the University of Oxford|Literary societies |
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