请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Peace through strength
释义

  1. History

     United States of America  The US Republican party 

  2. Criticism

  3. Trademark dispute

  4. See also

  5. References

"Peace through strength" is a phrase which suggests that military power can help preserve peace. It is quite old and has famously been used by many leaders from Roman Emperor Hadrian in the first century AD to former U.S. President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. The concept has long been associated with realpolitik.[1] The idea has critics: "'Peace through strength' easily enough becomes 'peace through war,'" according to Andrew Bacevich.

History

The phrase and concept date to ancient times. Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD 76–138) is said to have sought "peace through strength or, failing that, peace through threat".[2] Hadrian's Wall was a symbol of this policy.[3]

United States of America

The first American President, George Washington, enunciated a policy of peace through strength in his fifth annual message to Congress, the 1793 State of the Union Address.[4][5] He said:

"There is a rank due to the United States among nations which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war."[6]

In Federalist No. 24, Alexander Hamilton argued for peace through strength, stating that strong garrisons in the west and a navy in the east would protect the Union from the threat of Britain and Spain.[7]

Peace Through Strength (1952) is the title of a book about a defense plan by Bernard Baruch, a World War II adviser to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, published by Farrar, Straus and Young.[8] During the 1964 presidential campaign in the United States, the Republican party spent about $5 million on "Peace through Strength" TV spots.[9] For supporters of the MX missile in the 1970s, the missile symbolized "peace through strength".[10]

The US Republican party

In 1980, Ronald Reagan used the phrase during his election challenge against Jimmy Carter, accusing the incumbent of weak, vacillating leadership that invited enemies to attack the United States and its allies.[11][12] Reagan later considered it one of the mainstays of his foreign policy as President.[13] In 1986, he explained it thus:

"We know that peace is the condition under which mankind was meant to flourish. Yet peace does not exist of its own will. It depends on us, on our courage to build it and guard it and pass it on to future generations. George Washington's words may seem hard and cold today, but history has proven him right again and again. "To be prepared for war," he said, "is one of the most effective means of preserving peace." Well, to those who think strength provokes conflict, Will Rogers had his own answer. He said of the world heavyweight champion of his day: "I've never seen anyone insult Jack Dempsey."[14]

The approach has been credited for forcing the Soviet Union to lose the arms race and end the Cold War.[15] "Peace Through Strength" is the official motto of the Nimitz-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76).[16]

"Peace Through Strength" appeared in the Republican Party platforms of 1980,[17] 1984,[18] 1988,[19] 1992,[20] 1996,[21] 2000,[22] 2008,[23] 2012,[24][25][26][27] and 2016.[28][29]

On assuming office in January 2017, President Trump cited the idea of "Peace Through Strength" as central to his overall "America First" foreign policy.[30] As such the introduction to US National Defense Strategy of 2018 states: The US force posture combined with the allies will "preserve peace through strength". The document proceeds to detail what "achieving peace through strength requires".[31]

Criticism

For Andrew Bacevich, "belief in the efficacy of military power almost inevitably breeds the temptation to put that power to work. 'Peace through strength' easily enough becomes 'peace through war.'"[32]

Jim George of Australian National University used the term to describe part of what he argued was the Straussian and neoconservative foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration.[33]

The mock inversion "strength through peace" has been used on occasion to draw criticism to the militaristic system of diplomacy advocated by "peace through strength".[34] Ohio Congressman Dennis Kucinich adopted the slogan "Strength Through Peace" during his 2008 Presidential run, as part of his platform as a peace candidate in opposition to the Iraq War.[35]

Trademark dispute

During Reagan's presidency, the non-profit American Security Council Foundation (ASCF) and its for-profit direct-mail provider, Communications Corporation of America, sought to influence United States foreign policy by promoting the idea, but after the Soviet collapse of 1991 ASCF fell into obscurity while other organizations continued to promote the slogan.[36] The Heritage Foundation and the Center for Security Policy (CSP) have also used the term in print.[37] The ASCF registered a trademark for the phrase in April 2011.[38] In September 2012, ASCF filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against CSP and Frank Gaffney,[39] prompting the Washington City Paper to ridicule ASCF's Director of Operations, Gary James, for editing the online encyclopedia Wikipedia article titled 'Peace through strength' so that it was "drenched in ... ASCF references".[40] Following a counterclaim by the CSP alleging that the trademark application had been fraudulent, in August 2013 the ACSF announced that it had settled the lawsuit with the CSP and would cancel its trademark claim.[41]

See also

  • Big Stick ideology
  • Collective security
  • Demoralization (warfare)
  • Mutual assured destruction
  • Reagan Doctrine
  • Si vis pacem, para bellum
  • World peace

References

1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjIrN4WGJUwC&pg=PA325 |page=325 |title=World Politics: The Menu for Choice |author=Bruce Russett |date=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning}}
2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVXFkh-tlBcC |title=Following Hadrian? |author=Elizabeth Speller |publisher=Oxford University Press |date= Oct 14, 2004 |page=69}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/mar/14/hadrians-wall-lights-illumination |title=Legions of sightseers attend Hadrian's Wall illumination |author=Martin Wainwright |quote=Designed as a symbol of Hadrian's contemporary-sounding policy of "peace through strength", the wall marked the northern frontier of the Roman empire. |date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=September 15, 2012}}
4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qvfCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Invitation to Peace Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=Houston Wood |year=2015 |pages=24–25 |accessdate=April 29, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FPpEd0sBJQC&pg=PA24 |title=George Washington and the Origins of the American Presidency |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |author=Mark J Rozell |year=2000 |page=24 |accessdate=April 29, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washs05.asp |title=Fifth Annual Message of George Washington |work=1793 State of the Union Address |location=Philadelphia |author=George Washington |date=December 3, 1793 |accessdate=April 29, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=The Federalist Papers|year=1999|publisher=New American Library, a division of Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-451-52881-6|pages=157–158}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Peace_through_strength.html?id=5icdAAAAMAAJ|title=Peace through strength: Bernard Baruch and a blueprint for security|first=Morris Victor|last=Rosenbloom|date=1 January 1952|publisher=American Surveys in association with Farrar, Straus and Young, New York|via=Google Books}}
9. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iREHODXtO-wC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |title=Posters, Propaganda, and Persuasion in Election Campaigns Around the World and Through History |author=Steven A. Seidman |publisher=Peter Lang |date=2008}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=Perspective: Cold War Relic; All It Touched Off Was a Debate |author=Fred Kaplan | authorlink=Fred Kaplan (journalist) |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 September 2005 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE6D81F31F93BA2575AC0A9639C8B63&scp=9&sq=peace%20through%20strength&st=cse}}
11. ^{{cite news |title=Politics Starts at the Water’s Edge |authors=Kiron K. Skinner, Serhiy Kudelia, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and Condoleezza Rice |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 September 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/opinion/15skinner.html }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0VQ4vFwPU |title=Peace Through Strength (1980 Political Commercial) |author= |date= |work= |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan |title=Biography of Ronald Reagan |author=White House |date= |work= |publisher=United States Government |accessdate=2009-07-19}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://reagan2020.us/speeches/address_on_national_security.asp|title=Reagan 2020 - Ronald Reagan - Address on National Security|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDQvz0Bck8sC&pg=PA168 |title=Historical Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament |author=Jeffrey Arthur Larsen |chapter=Peace through Strength |page=168 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=2005}}
16. ^{{cite web|title='Peace Through Strength' - The Official Web Site of CVN 76 USS Ronald Reagan|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/cvn76/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=United States Navy|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Party Platform of 1980|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25844|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Party Platform of 1984|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25845|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Party Platform of 1988|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25846|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Platform of 1992|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Party Platform of 1996|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Republican Party Platform of 2000|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=2008 Republican Party Platform|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=78545|publisher=The American Presidenty Project|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web|last=Republican Platform|title=We Believe in America|url=http://www.gop.com/2012-republican-platform_exceptionalism/|publisher=Republican National Committee|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}
25. ^{{cite news|last=Huntley|first=Steve|title=Romney's Foreign Policy: Peace Through Strength|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/huntley/15634669-452/romneys-foreign-policy-promotes-peace-through-strength.html|accessdate=October 12, 2012|newspaper=Chicago Sun Times|date=October 8, 2012}}
26. ^{{cite news|last=Editorial|title=Romney's Peace Through Strength|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/oct/8/romneys-peace-through-strength/|accessdate=October 12, 2012|newspaper=Washington Times|date=October 8, 2012}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Walshe|first=Shushannah|title=Paul Ryan Describes Mitt Romney Foreign Policy as the 'Peace Through Strength Doctrine'|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/09/paul-ryan-says-mitt-romney-foreign-policy-is-peace-through-strength-doctrine/|newspaper=The Note, ABC News|date=September 12, 2012}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/ted-cruzs-hugely-expensive-plan-for-a-huge-military/462993/ |title=Ted Cruz's Hugely Expensive Plan for a Huge Military |work=The Atlantic |author=David A. Graham |date=February 16, 2016 |accessdate=July 13, 2016}}
29. ^{{cite article |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-trump-channels-reagan-promising-peace-1481076359-htmlstory.html|title=Trump channels Reagan, promising 'peace through strength'|author=Mark Z. Barabak|date=December 6, 2016|work=LA Times}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trumps-national-security-adviser-says-foreign-policy-will-emphasize-peace-through-strength/2017/01/10/e4652c08-d767-11e6-b8b2-cb5164beba6b_story.html |title=Trump’s national security adviser says foreign policy will emphasize ‘peace through strength’ |work=Washington Post |author=Karen DeYoung |date=January 10, 2017 |accessdate=January 21, 2017}}
31. ^US National Defense Strategy, (Washington: Department of Defense, 2018), p 1, 6, https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
32. ^{{cite news |title=The Western Way of War Has Run its Course |author=Andrew Bacevich |newspaper=CBS News |date=4 August 2010 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/04/opinion/main6742001.shtml |accessdate=20 August 2010}}
33. ^{{cite journal |author=Jim George |date=June 2005 |title=Leo Strauss, Neoconservatism and US Foreign Policy: Esoteric Nihilism and the Bush Doctrine |journal=International Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=174–202 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800106}}
34. ^{{cite book |title=Polite Protesters: The American Peace Movement of the 1980s |pages=103–104 |author=John Lofland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjCBPMJCz5EC&pg=PA104 |year=1993 |publisher=Syracuse University Press}}
35. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzXqCEJPhLMC&pg=PA29 |title=The Race for the 2008 Democratic Nomination: A Book of Editorial Cartoons |editor=Eric Appleman |publisher=Pelican Publishing |year=2008 |page=29}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.americansecuritycouncil.org |title=The American Security Council Mission Statement |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=9 August 2010}}
37. ^{{cite journal |author=Kim R. Holmes |year=1995 |title=Geo-Conservatism; Why Conservatives Are Better Than Liberals at Foreign Policy |journal=Policy Review |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |volume= |issue=71 |pages= |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001643939 |doi= |authorlink= Kim Holmes }}
38. ^{{cite web|title=Peace Through Strength|url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4008:gfrhmd.2.3|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|accessdate=15 September 2012|date=April 5, 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=American Security Council Foundation v. Center for Security Policy, Inc. et al|url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2012cv01486/155957/|work=District of Columbia District Court|publisher=Justia|date=September 7, 2012}}
40. ^{{cite news|last=Sommer|first=Will|title=No Peace for Hawkish Think Tanks Over Reagan Slogan|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2012/09/14/no-peace-for-hawkish-think-tanks-over-reagan-slogan/|newspaper=Washington City Paper|date=September 14, 2012}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.americanfreedomlawcenter.org/press-release/ronald-reagans-legacy-preserved-aflc-wins-favorable-settlement-in-trademark-battle-over-famous-slogan/|title=Ronald Reagan’s Legacy Preserved: AFLC Wins Favorable Settlement in Trademark Battle over Famous Slogan|date=August 5, 2013|author=American Security Council Foundation|accessdate=April 8, 2015}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peace Through Strength}}

6 : Military doctrines|International security|International relations terminology|National security|Peace|Nuclear warfare
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 8:49:51